Mrs. Dalloway Paper - 1209 Words

Mrs. Dalloway Paper Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf, was written in 1925, a time filled with many large changes to civilization. The book was written and set right after the biggest war human-kind can remember which killed millions of people, during the peak of industrialization which caused the mass production of items and created thousands of new inventions, while modernist arts and thoughts were growing and, and when national pride was very large for the citizens of the Allied countries in World War I. Virginia Woolf draws on many aspects of these changes in Mrs. Dalloway, especially on the idea of modernism which can be defined as new thought, art, and culture. Specifically Woolf focuses on how the new technologies brought about†¦show more content†¦This face which so many people believe to be of a famous and important person, causes the citizens who see it to feel pride for England and its achievements, and to generally feel nationalistic. Another example in the novel where a modern objec t causes multiple characters to become emotional is when Big Ben chimes, here Clarissa is thinking about the effects of the ringing bells, â€Å"a particular hush, or solemnity; an indescribably pause; a suspense† (4). This shows that another piece of machinery was capable of evoking emotion from the characters in the book. Woolf also shows how much more significant nature is in the world of Mrs. Dalloway through all of the metaphors she uses comparing people to animals and how her characters often think about nature. In the journal entry, â€Å"Scissors and Silks,† â€Å"Flowers and Trees,† and â€Å"Geraniums Ruined by the War†: Virginia Woolf’s Ecological Critique of Science in Mrs. Dalloway written by Justyna Kostkowska, Kostkowska argues that, â€Å"By referring to human experience in natural terms, [Woolf] reinforces the inseparability of nature and culture, and shows their mutuality† (187). This argument becomes more apparent throughout the book when Woolf compares almost every character to something in nature as Kostkowska touches on later in her article, â€Å"An overwhelmingShow MoreRelated Virginia Woolf1120 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The center or meeting place for experience was, to Virginia Woolf, the moment—a cross-section of consciousness in w hich perception and feelings converged and formed for an instant something round and whole† (Richter 27). Finally, by the time Mrs. Dalloway was published in 1925, Virginia Woolf had already experimented with the stream of consciousness technique and with the disruption of time (Blackstone 13). Thus in her fourth novel, she uses the stream of consciousness to explore the psyches ofRead MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 Pagesnovel (229-30), and his central intertext taken from fiction, Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway. By entitling his novel The Hours -- one of the titles Woolf considered for her novel in its early stages (Hussey 172)--he shows his indebtedness as a postmodernist writer to one of the principal texts of the modernist canon. In The Hours, all three narrative strands are in one way or the other connected to Mrs. Dalloway: the sections entitled Mrs. Woolf follow the author Virginia Woolf through a single day in 1923Read MoreAnalysis Of Mrs. Dalloway By Virgi nia Woolf1279 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Beautiful, complex, incisive†¦. One of the most moving, revolutionary artworks of the twentieth century† (Michael Cunningham) Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf is not only a book that entertains millions, like Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, or E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey, but it is a work of literature that revolutionized the art of writing, which continues to influence people’s philosophies, beliefs, and views on life— even roughly afterRead MoreThe Rebirth Of Literature By Virginia Woolf1260 Words   |  6 PagesThe Rebirth of Literature â€Å"Beautiful, complex, incisive†¦. One of the most moving, revolutionary artworks of the twentieth century† (Michael Cunningham) Mrs. Dalloway, by Virginia Woolf is not only a book that entertains millions, like Stephanie Meyer’s Twilight, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, or E. L. James’s Fifty Shades of Grey, but it is a work of literature that revolutionized the art of writing, which continues to influence people’s philosophies, beliefs, and viewsRead More Feminism and Insanity in Virginia Woolfs Work Essay examples1105 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant is that Minow-Pinkney deliberately linked the notion of psychoanalysis to Woolfs mystical tendencies. This is further drawn out in Susan Bennett Smiths Reinventing Grief Work: Virginia Woolfs Feminist Representations of Mourning in Mrs. Dalloway and To the Lighthouse. Of particular interest to this subject is the role of the rest cure as discussed by Smith. S he begins with a discussion of the basic assumption of a causal link between grief and madness without any analysis or explicitRead MoreVirginia Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway and Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot2438 Words   |  10 Pages Virginia Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway and Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot are representative works of two separate movements in literature: Modernism and Post-Modernism. Defining both movements in their entirety, or arguing whether either work is truly representative of the classifications of Modernism and Post-Modernism, is not the purpose of this paper; rather, the purpose is to carefully evaluate how both works, in the context of both works being representative of their respective traditions, employRead MoreSocial Oppression Virginia Woolf Essay1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe physical and social setting in Mrs. Dalloway sets the mood for the novels principal theme: the theme of social oppression. Social oppression was shown in two ways: the oppression of women as English society returned to its traditional norms and customs after the war, and the oppression of the hard realities of life, concealing these realities with the elegance of English society. This paper discuss es the purpose of the city in mirroring the theme of social oppression, focusing on issuesRead MoreResisting Violence and Suffering Concealed by Corruption Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthat cannot be changed, than what matters is to bear witness to the uniquely human capacity to deal with these kind of people , which is to transform a personal tragedy into joy, to turn ones predicament into a human achievement for example in Mrs. Dalloway (novel) and In the name of the father (movie) because of unfair laws corrupt judicial system and exploitation of power by government, people’s rights are violated and they are drawn into violence than their families suffer due to the isolationRead MoreThe And Of The Light Brigade By Alfred Lord Tennyson2214 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout history, authors have responded to historical events like the war through different genres of literature from novels to poems. In this paper; I will look at how Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf, Septembe r 1st, 1939 by Wystan Hugh Auden and The Charge of the Light Brigade by Alfred Lord Tennyson respond to various historical events. A comparison between these texts will show the many similarities and differences in how they respond to the theme of war. In addition to this, I will examineRead MoreAnalysis the Use of Stream of Consciousness in Mrs Dalloway8784 Words   |  36 PagesAnalysis the use of stream of consciousness in Mrs Dalloway BY Qian Jiajia Prof. Zhang Li, Tutor A Thesis Submitted to Department of English Language and Literature in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of B.A in English At Hebei Normal University May 8th , 2009 Abstract As one of the representative writers of novels of stream of consciousness, Virginia Woolf has made important contributions to the development of the technique of stream of consciousness

Communicative Participation And Its Participation

Communicative Participation Communicative participation can be defined as â€Å"how individuals participate in a range of discourse activities in contextually situated ways that, in turn, reflect on the manner of their involvement in culture† (Kovarsky, 2003). Communicative participation varies dramatically based on whom the individual is that is attempting communication, and what the purpose of the communication is. There are an extraordinary amount of contexts that can affect the communicative participation as well. Communicative participation is such a broad term that covers so much, that it is divided into many layers. These layers are overlapping and construct the whole of communicative participation. The five layers that work to†¦show more content†¦The first is the example from an article written by Laura Polich, that examines deafness in Nicaragua. In Nicaragua, deafness is considered a disease that affects more than just your ability to hear. â€Å"This reli gious worldview has influenced how deaf children, who are so communicatively shut out of an oral world, were (and are) seen by society: most likely the result of God s wrath brought on by some sin† (Polich, 2005, p. 225-226). Being deaf in Nicaragua does not only affect one s ability to hear but also their ability to participate in society. Deaf individuals in Nicaragua are outcasts, their disability is thought to be because someone in their family committed a strong enough sin that God wanted to place deafness on them. For this reasoning, deaf children used to be hidden from society, it is less common now, however it does still occur. This all results from the fact that deaf individuals in Nicaragua can not communicate very much orally. Lacking the ability to speak is considered a serious detriment, because very few people in Nicaragua had embraced sign language up until recently. In this respect, the community of Nicaragua had almost no way to communicate with those around t hem and were extremely culturally dis-valued. Because of this lack of communication, in Polich s survey (1998) (as cited in Polish, 2005) 40% of people responded to the question â€Å"with which [hearing] person living in your

Consumer Preference on Infants Milk free essay sample

There is no question about breast milk being the best start a baby can have in life. It is firmly believes that breastfeeding is the best way to feed a baby and is strongly committed to its protection and promotion. Starting at about 6 months of age, the period of weaning is critical for the future development and growth of infants. The introduction of appropriate and nutritious complementary food from this age is extremely important. Infant formula milk is a manufactured food designed and marketed for feeding to babies and infants less than 12 months of age, usually prepared for bottle-feeding or cup-feeding from powder (mixed with water) as a substitute to breast feeding. Companies that manufacture infant formula used different strategies in order to market their product one of them is product positioning. Product positioning is an important part of a product marketing strategy. It helps buyers and users understand where a product ‘fits’ in terms what it offers, and how it compares with competing products. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Preference on Infants Milk or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Product positioning is an important element of a marketing plan. Product positioning is the process marketers use to determine how to best communicate their products attributes to their target customers based on customer needs, competitive pressures, available communication channels and carefully crafted key messages. Effective product positioning ensures that marketing messages resonate with target consumers and compel them to take action. Product positioning and consumer buying behavior must be studied in order to prove the perception of consumer in purchasing infant formula. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the Product Positioning of Infants’ Formula Milk in selected Drugstores in Bacoor City. 1. What are the socio- economic characteristics of the consumers who are purchasing infants’ formula? 2. What are brands of infants’ formula consumer buys? 3. Which drugstore consumer purchased the infants’ formula milk? 4. How do drugstores position their infants’ formula milk product? 5. What are the buying attributes of consumer? Objectives: This core objective of the study is to identify the product positioning of infants’ formula in selected drugstores in Bacoor City. This study aimed to: 1. describe the socio-economic characteristic of consumers who are purchasing infants’ formula milk. 2. identify the brand of infants’ formula consumer buy. 3. identify the drugstore in which consumer purchases the infants’ formula milk. 4. determine on how drugstores position their infants’ formula milk. 5. determine the buying attributes of consumer. Importance of the Study: The findings of the study would create a deeper understanding about the product positioning of infants’ formula. It will be beneficial to the following: Buyer. This study would serve as a guide to buyers in making the right in choosing appropriate infants’ formula. Distributors. This study will serve as a guide to distributor to identify the attributes that buyer consider in purchasing infants’ formula milk, so that they can position their product effectively. Retailer. This study will serve as a guide to retailer to know what is the most preferred brand of infants’ formula milk buyer purchases so that they will know which brand of infants’ formula milk they will sell. Future Researcher. The researcher could gain insights in product positioning of infants’ formula milk. The information from this study can guide those who are interested to conduct the same study. Operational Defintion of Terms: In order for the reader to understand the study, the following terms are hereby defined operationally as they will be used in the study: Buyer. They are the individuals who purchase infants’ formula milk. Drugstore. It is a retailing store that offers infants’ formula milk. Socio- Economic Characteristics. This are composed of age, gender, civil status, monthly income, employment status and educational attainment of consumers who are buying infants’ formula milk. Product Positioning. It involves creating a unique, consistent, and recognized customer perception about a firm’s offering and image. A product or service may be positioned on the basis of an attitude or benefit, use or application, user, class, price, or level of quality. It targets a product for specific market segments and product needs at specific prices.

Non-commissioned Officer and Respect Essay Sample free essay sample

We respect others so that they might esteem us. If you don’t demo regard. you will non be taken earnestly and other people will non be gracious to you. There are many different sorts of regard. There is regard for your parents and higher-ups which is really of import so that you might larn obeisance towards others. . Respect for one’s faith is really valuable because God gave everyone the right to liberate will and if people chose to make something that is against what others believe. people still have no right to take that off. Last but non least. regard is shown by the manner for talk. If you talk impolitely. no 1 will wish you and you will be all entirely. Respect is what makes you a good individual. demoing that you can be a function theoretical account for others around you. Your state shows the manner to a good life by being an illustration of good character. We will write a custom essay sample on Non-commissioned Officer and Respect Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When Americans salute the flag when they are singing the national anthem. you are demoing regard to your state. If your state does non allow you be free. so how are you suppose to esteem them for what they do when they don’t? When school kids say the Pledge of Allegiance. they pledge to be good citizens for their state. Bing loyal is demoing regard to the universe around others. Respect or esteem is given to you as a mark of recognition that you have your ain sentiment in life. That is why when the United States made the first Amendment it was guaranteed you would be free to idolize. When people chose to make God’s will alternatively of theirs. they show respect for Him. God is the most of import figure in life and so people chose to honour Him. Gaining regard ever counts on the manner you act around others. If a individual comes off as disobedient and chesty. they will non be respected. If they come of as trustworthy and sort. they will be thought of as mature and good. When people blurt out disrespectful words and reject others they show immatureness. Why it is of import to esteem an Non Commissioned Officer in the United States Army and the possible consiquences and penalties that may be given. It is of import to esteem an non commissioned officer in order to maintain the balance in the wo rk topographic point. Even if its non deserved or given back to you. its still the regulations of the military to demo them the proper respects. Not demoing them regard will ensue in acquiring yourself in unecissary problem that will do yourself look bad infront of your other higher-ups. Consiquences will be given out to whom of all time disrespects or does non decently listen to a non commissioned officer. These consiquences must be obeyed and respected merely every bit much as the non commissioned officer. Further penalties will be given out to you if these are non followed to every particular item. Some people say that you should give regard to everyone. Other people say that regard should be earned. I think that regard is a two manner street. To acquire regard you have to give regard. Respect is neither a right nor a privilege. It is something that you earn over clip through your actions. though in the ground forces it is expected of all lower enlisted to esteem in what I would name the new definetion of the word with is a type of fright that is implanted into the new soldiers. Earned regard builds a stronger relationship between people. can be more specific so demanded regard. and is more stable than demanded regard. Besides. true regard must be built on experience. and therefore it is non right to merely demand it. Earned respect physiques relationship between people. When another individual earns your regard you work harder to hold that same regard returned to you. I think that regard is taught by illustration. as most good things are. The chief thing is to handle other people how you would wish to be treated and handle them how they treat you. Most people. when treated decently will handle others the same manner.

Rock and Roll Essay Example

Rock and Roll Essay Example Rock and Roll Essay Rock and Roll Essay Essay Topic: Notes From Underground Because of the rise of rock and roll, a statement has been made where rock and roll influenced the lifestyle, attitude, and fashion of the many Individuals. L. Rock and Roll and the Counterculture Movement. A. Rock music became more than Just a form of popular culture. B. Younger generations are able to find their identities C. Economic depression led individuals to turn to ways to solve their suffering II. Social Effects on Younger Generations and Lifestyle. A. Rock and roll impacted on the lives of many including teenagers. B. Many saw the culture as a way to rebel against the old traditions C. Rock and rollers led a hard life which included drugs and alcohol D. The fashion reflected the lifestyles of the rock and rollers. Ill. Saving the World. A. Love and peace are common themes in rock and roll music. B. Fellow musicians like Woody Guthrie and Bob Dylan. C. Musicians have adopted causes ranging from environments. D. Songs would be Sunday Bloody Sundae. V. Roller of Phrase. A. Origin of Phrase came from blacks as a form of slang. B. First used in 1951 but credited to Alan Freed. C. One of Paul Backcombs in 1947 D. Terrier Smiths song My Man Rocks Me With One Steady Roll. V. Cultural Impact. A. Although many older generation viewed the revolution ear as a underground movement. B. Rock and roll came during tensions between blacks and whites. C. Music brought the segregation to an end VI. Rock and Roll and uniqueness A. Brought politics together B. Rose charity money VII. Weapon is Rock and Roll Conclusion A. Rock and roll is a weapon of Cultural Revolution. B. Jon Sinclair talks about freedom and differences C. There are not many genuine artists in the world anymore The asses was considered to be called the time of change. During this time, many movements had taken place. Reasons for this would be due to the economic depression because of the Vietnam War. Several Americans were against the Idea of war. The prices of food rose up and living necessities became too expensive to afford. Not only were prices rising but people were losing their Jobs. Since no one wanted to spend, stores were not able to keep a sufficient Income to keep their workers. Thus, employees were forced to be let go. During a time of economic hardships, people turned for ways to relief the stress and trouble that they were Tackling. I nuns, a revolution was Odor. Rock Ana roll was Torment In ten late the United States. Born in a time of change and crisis, people saw the counterculture movement as a way to fight against the mishaps. Traditional music became loud and noisy with inappropriate lyrics that were sung by new artists. Because of how new rock and roll was, it was considered to be an underground genre and was viewed negatively by older generations. In many aspects, Rock and roll was a movement that rebelled against politics. It was not common for songs to include topics that were related about war. Well known Rock and Rollers would be Elvis Presley (The King of Rock and Roll), The Ink Blots, and Luis Jordan. Each of these artists brought a unique piece of music to make rock and roll a unique genre. As stated by Alan Freed, Rock and roll is a river of music that has absorbed many streams; rhythms, blues, Jazz, rag time, cowboy songs, country songs, and folk songs. Soon, rock and roll became part of the popular culture of the United States. Not only that but, the rock and roll movement help shaped the attitude, lifestyle, fashion, and even language of the many individuals in the United States. Rock and roll music became more than Just a popular culture that made its way urine the asses. It became a movement and possibly even an ideology. Those who followed the movement sought ways to put their emotions and beliefs into song. Unlike the millions of different popular culture, it had allowed people to live life differently than most. It was a movement that was against everything that made the world impure. Rock and roll allowed followers to play their music loud and harsh. Lyrics became over flown with emotions so strong, that older generations sought ways to stop the movement. However, in the eyes of the newer generations, it was considered a revolution. Not Just any kind, but as the Music Revolution. Attempts to merge politics and music were made possible due to the hard efforts of John Sinclair. Born on October 2, 1941 in Flint, Michigan, he was known for being a one-time manager of the band MAC and leader of the White Panther Party- a militantly anti- racist counterculture group of the white Socialists that sought to assist the Black Panthers in the Civil Rights movement. Sinclair, known for his active involvement with the MAC, managed the hard-edged punk-look from 1966 through 1969. The MAC band was able to embrace the counterculture revolutionary politics of the White Panther Party under the guidance of Sinclair, himself. Even if MAC and Sinclair were both deeply involved with the revolutionary politics, MAC came to a realization that Sinclair was too heavy-handed. Although the band and Sinclair are no longer working together, they are still close friends. In 1968, Sinclair Rock and Roll Is a Weapon of Cultural Revolution was published in a magazine. He claimed that there are not many genuine music artists left in the world that would sing purely because of a cause rather than Just for money. Sinclair also states multiple times that music is revolution. According to Sinclair, Rock and roll not only is a weapon of Cultural Revolution, it is the model of the revolutionary future. Its best the music works to free people on all levels, and production unit. Here, Sinclair gives his explanations on why rock and roll was indeed a revolutionary weapon. Because Rock and Roll music is so unique, it allows followers to be set free from many things. People dont have to stress over simple daily situations. With rock and roll, people were able to formulate a sense of culture. Scalar continual to say, People nave got to get It together, not apart People are owe stuck with bullwhip Jobs, bullwhip schools, bullwhip houses, bullwhip marriages And theres no need for it anymore. He also continued to insist that Everything has to be free or else! In this article, Sinclair puts his focus on the new generations whom he believes are the Music Revolution. He encouraged the youths to start writing music and express their feelings about politics. Sinclair stated that the world is corrupted because humans made nothing but anti-human products. Daily things such as toilet paper, plastic cups, and forks are Just some of the things that were mentioned. In edition, Sinclair concluded strongly that, Its time to turn on, tune in and take over! Up against the ceiling, motherhoods! Not too long after this article was published, Sinclair Music Revolution came into reality and that his famous quote turn on, tune in, and take over! would play a huge role in the rock and roll movement. Rock and roll became more than Just a form of popular culture. Many individuals, especially the younger generations, saw it as a form of lifestyle and culture. Several rock and rollers found that the popular culture of rock and roll was a central component of the Cultural Revolution. The reason why the followers felt this way was because unlike other music genres, rock and roll allowed artists to sing about situations with anger. In addition, rock and roll was like an escape away from the economic depression that people were facing during the late asses to the asses. The depression affected many families, and because of this, songs began to reflect that era. Thus, rock and roll was formed. Due to its popularity, it was adopted into the lifestyles and attitudes of many Americans. Teenagers started to live the hard life by drinking hard liquor. Drugs such as LSI, pot, heroin, and crack were used to fleet their lifestyle. The rock and roll fashion in the asses-ass consisted of mostly black leather. Males usually followed the famous actor, James Dean, style. They would wear a tight white t-shirt and have their hair swept to the side and a comb in their leather Jacket. For the females, they would wear leather Jackets as well with edgy skirts and leggings. Favorite rock and roll celebrities would be seen on magazine covers and products of them would be sold in stores. To outsiders especially the older generations, this was considered to be very shocking and disappointing. Soon, fellow rock and rollers were considered to be an outcast. Although this may be true, with the help of the Music Revolution the attitudes of the people changed from strained and depressed to hard living and optimistic. Because of rock and roll, individuals were able to get on with their lives with minimum stress Peace and love were common themes in rock and roll music. Rock artists in the asses and ass have often addressed economic issues as commentary action. For instance, during the Vietnam War, one of the very first rock songs to protest was heard. The artists of the song were Bob Dylan and Woody Guthrie. Many well known rock musicians have adapted to the attempt of addressing economic and social issues. For example, some well known songs would be Mercy Mercy Me, Sunday Bloody Sunday, and Kill the Poor. Some notably musicians that were very active in politics were John Lennox and his former girlfriend, Yoke Non. The duo was known to give their speeches about their anti-war sentiment both in music and in the public statements. Sometimes, the involvement of rock musicians would go more than Just songwriting and take the form of concerts, events, and charity. Rock and roll was a social catcalls Tanat NAS Racine a milestone In ten Level AI cone arts. It NAS outgrown the 1984 charity single Do They Know Its Christmas? Also, it has become the largest musical concert in history with performers on two main stages. People featured in this charity concert were all the face of rock music back in the days. Live Aid help became a model for many other fund raising. Environmental issues have been a common theme. An example would be Live Earth. The origin of the phrase rock and roll may surprise many for some did not know that it was not the Whites that came up with that phrase. Instead, the phrase of rock and roll came from the Blacks as a form of slang. In 1951, Alan Freed, a disk Jockey, began playing blues and country music for a multi-racial audience. He is credited with the first for using the phrase rock and roll to describe the music he played. But the phrase was introduced to Americans in words of blues and rhythm. There are three different songs that are titled rock and roll. Some were recorded as early as the asses. One was recorded by Paul Backcomb around 1947; in 1948 Wild Bill Moore decides to Join in and lastly, Doles Dickens in 1949. It is also not out of the ordinary for people to find Rock and Roll in RB songs. Back then, rock and roll was a black slang for sex or perhaps dancing. The first record of the usage of rock and OLL would be from her one song called, My Man Rocks Me with One Steady Roll. Going back even further in time, minion, the term rock and rolling was often used with a religious meaning. The word rock had a history in the English language as a metaphor to shake up, loosen up, or to be disturbed. Example would be, Rock It for Me, Baby, and Rock and roll my life with the music. During the asses, sex in songs became very common. The verb roll was in fact a medieval metaphor which meant to be having sex. Examples in sentences would be l rolled her in the clover or They had rolled all day and night in the house. The terms of rock and roll was often used together to describe the ships motion at sea as well. Simply to say, the term rock and roll basically means to loosen up and have sex. It is not hard to understand why the people began to use this word; to rebel against the world of what was going on. Perhaps, due to all the depression, individuals saw that the way of rock and roll was a solution to their endless problems. Rock and roll is a way of life and those who live it are in freedom. Rock and rollers such as Elvis Presley and John Lennox went for something different and that was to choose to be in a different popular culture. Because of rock and roll, many individuals found their identities by finding the lifestyle and culture that fits those best. Back in the days, rock and roll music was considered to be underground. Before it had gained its popularity, rock and roll culture was not big on older generations, especially among parents of teenagers. Parents viewed it as a ludicrous to be considered as music. Older generations were used to listening to soft and classical music such as opera, and Mozart, however unlike classical music; rock and roll music does not have any of those traits in its genre. Rock and roll music is loud and very heavy that consists of drums and guitars whether it may be electric or acoustic, it depends on the type of song that is being played. The media portrayed rock and rollers as a bad kid or troublemaker. However, all of this is proven to be wrong for rock and roll did much more than that. During hard times, Rock and roll appeared when racial tensions in the United States were coming to the surface. African Americans were protesting segregation AT cocoons Ana puddle Tactless. I en separate but equal doctrine was nominally overturned by the Supreme Court in 1954, and the official task of enforcing this new doctrine lay ahead. This new musical form combining elements of white and black music inevitably provoked strong reactions. This Just proves that music can do many things that others may have thought impossible since because of the music it has helped blacks and whites to overcome their differences. Rock and roll has impacted so much in America along with the world. It has swept peoples feet with its rhythm, beats, and blues. Rock and roll has everything to offer for an individual. Its different and unique and because of it, rock and roll has earned its place in the popular culture. It has created a difference too many lives. Because of rock and roll, the youth of the asses and asses were able to find their identity. There is so much more to life than the music of rock and roll. To many, it is a culture and lifestyle. It changed the attitudes of many and thanks to rock and roll, it has patched up the wounds between the blacks and the whites. For once, there was something that the two groups have in common. Rock and roll brought family together. It didnt matter if you were rich or poor or if you were black or white, music is music and rock and roll is the Music Revolution. Just like how Jon Sinclair would have put it, its time to turn on, tune in, and take over. Notes 1 Rock and roll evolved in the United States during the asses and early asses. Rock and roll consisted of mainly blues, country, folk, and gospel along with Jazz. Rock and roll led to modern rock music such as glamour, metal, and death metal music. The instruments involved are usually guitars. In rock and roll there are two electric guitars along with saxophone and piano (asses). As rock and roll aged dance got more popular such as t he boogie-woozier. 2 Rock and roll became more than Just a type of popular culture. It has evolved over time. As it grew with age, rock and roll became simply Just rock music. The popular culture took over the world with music, television; it influenced lifestyles, attitude, and even language. Rock and roll did more than Just that but it also helped bring people from different cultures together. Because of rock music the segregation act disappeared. Black and white individuals came together and enjoyed listening to the same type of rock music. Soon, the white music entertainment industry realized that there was room for black music. Because of this, hip hop earn its popularity long with rhythm and beat music. Alan Freed is credited for the term of rock and roll. However the real origin of rock and roll came from Terrier whose lyrics contained, My man rocks me with one steady roll. Rock and roll was also a slang used by blacks. The word rock meant to shake up and loosen while roll was a term meant to have sex. Rock and roll affected the teenage culture of many generations in several ways. Fo r instance, it changed the aspects of teenagers. It helped teenagers find their own identity. Because of this, their fashion made a statement of who they are and what teen level Tort.

College Shower Dos and Donts

College Shower Do's and Don'ts Unless youve spent a lot of time at summer camp,  theres a good chance youve  never enjoyed the dubious pleasures of a shared shower. Dorm showers are a little nicer than camp showers, but while summer campers are children with few concerns about privacy and hygiene, college students are young adults. Standards are higher, and you need to know the unwritten rules of college showers. What College Dorm Showers Are Like Most dorms have large bathrooms for each hall. If youre in a single-sex dorm you may have two bathrooms on your floor available for your use. If youre in a coed dorm, there may be separate bathrooms for each gender or shared bathrooms. In most dorms, bathrooms include multiple sinks, toilet stalls, mirrors, and separate curtained showers. If youre living off-campus or in a fraternity or sorority house, the situation may be different. You may, for example, need to take turns using a single-user bathroom. Alternatively, you may need to create a bathroom schedule. The college shower is both a very private and a very public place. Whether youre in a dorm, an off-campus apartment, or even in a situation where you have your own room but share  a bathroom with others, its important to know how things work so no one gets offended or embarrassed. So how can you make sure you know the dos and donts that surround the college shower? The Dos Do wear shower shoes. You may love every person in your residence hall or Greek house, but feet are feet and dirt is dirt. Wearing shower shoes can actually protect you from infections, so make sure you have an extra, shower-only pair of flip-flops at all times.Do bring a shower caddy. A shower caddy is a hanging bag or container you carry with you from your room to the bathroom and back again. Find one that works for you so you can always have your shampoo, conditioner, razor, and anything else you might need handy.Do bring a towel or robe to wear back to your room. Forgetting your towel can be a nightmare, so hook it onto your shower caddy, or even better, fold it on top so that you never forget one without the other.Do clean your hair out of the drain. Youre in a shared space now, so treat it with the respect youd want from someone else and do a quick swipe to make sure you dont leave hair in the drain for the next person. The Donts Dont take an unreasonable amount of time. Taking a ton of time in the shower may feel nice for you, but it creates a huge backlog of people who need to shower. Remember that youre part of a community and try to keep your shower time brief.Dont shower with a friend. Having, shall we say, romantic encounters in the shower is not only disrespectful to others in your hall, but its also inappropriate and, perhaps worst of all, pretty darned gross. With all the private spaces that a college offers, take your friend somewhere a little nicer and more personal.Dont expect too much privacy. Yes, youll have your own stall, and most likely it will have doors or a curtain. But you are sharing a bathroom with others, so just be prepared for people talking, using up the hot water, coming in and out of the bathroom, and basically eliminating the kind of privacy you might be used to back at home.

Managerial Economics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managerial Economics - Research Paper Example Often, the patient needs to adjust with the hearing aids and usually it takes quite a long time failing the endurance of the patient. Social stigma is also a reason for the people not to use the hearing aids as they are likely to be tagged as old and not-so-smart people in the society. It is general perception that price is a chief attribute to penetrate the market but often it is not true for several reasons as has been found in the case of hearing aids too. Price becomes important when consumers view two or more competitive products fulfilling their needs in equal terms. When product differs in their attributes and users see one of them clearly fulfilling their needs in all respects, price becomes a secondary issue. Often, people pay higher prices for a product that meets their needs in clear terms – establishing superiority over competitive products. Amiani (2007) has explored the various attributes that measure elasticity of demand for a product or service. Demand is said to be elastic when total revenue decreases on raising the product price. In contrast, the demand is said to be inelastic when total revenue increases on raising the product price. Some of the attributes, which can decide about elasticity of demand for the hearing aids, can be described as per the following. Hearing aid is an important product, which must have unique features to satisfy the customer needs. Unfortunately, most of the hearing aids available in the market fail to satisfy the customer needs. Hearing aids are in the market since several decades yet consumer perceptions on this product have not changed. Hearing aids are not perceived to be user friendly at the first place. This is one of the major causes for not an appreciable change in the user perception in last several decades. That is to say till date hearing aids suffer from inelastic demand of the market. Hearing aid technology is not yet matured enough so that consumer can differentiate among the products and its at tributes. In other reason, hearing aids require a considerable investment for the patient as it falls out of insurance coverage. Hearing aid yet does not have any substitute in a real sense making it inelastic to the market demand. Amiani (2007) asserts from the past research of ‘Lee and Lotz’ as well as ‘Kochkin’ that hearing aids do not exhibit high elasticity of demand and the reasons are many and varied as mentioned earlier. From this perspective, it makes no sense to reduce the price to increase the revenue of the firm. On the contrary, any such attempt may bring down the revenue of the company. Question: Evaluate different possible strategies that companies could implement to gain a sound position among their competitors in this hearing aids market. Use relevant theoretical concepts discussed in chapters. Answer: Revenue is a function of product price and the corresponding sale in numbers. Any marketer would be interested to increase the revenue and t hereby the profit of the firm. Amlai (2007) has already demonstrated that hearing aids are price inelastic to their demand. Given inelastic nature of demand, as in the case of hearing aids, any reduction in price does not come with corresponding increase in the sale of the product. Marketer needs to explore some other means to expand the market. Currently, only 23.6 percent of the people use hearing aids of the total potential that makes up to 31 million. Even one percent expansion of the total pote

Frustation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frustation - Research Paper Example llelism in the poems of Charles Baudelaire in ‘Le Fleurs Du Mal’ (The Flowers of Evil) and Fyodor Dostoevsky’s ‘The Gambler’ in how the persona of the poems and the narrator of the novel experiences frustration. The titles themselves present an almost negated perception from even before prospective readers read them. And above all both contain stories and retelling of love. Baudelaire’s suggests a dark and borderline macabre insinuation of unrequited or unfulfilled love through his liberal use of the words ‘flowers’ and ‘evil’ while Dostoevsky’s classic novel gears the reader to sympathize with the main character Alexei and his often foolish actions to gain the love of the cunning Polina. she paid me no attention; until eventually I became so irritated that I decided to play the boor† (Doestoevsky, p.5). As Alexei sounds off his resentment and goes into an almost foolish attempt to gain the audience of everyone at the dinner table, playing at his being Russian to coerce them into a conversation directed his own way. This was among the first incidences in the novel for which his folly in wanting to gain respect despite his stature among the guests was deliberately shown. He was an intelligent man but he was but a mere tutor. His knowledge in all the dirty little secrets of the aristocrats surrounding him leads to his confidence that there is some inkling for a way to balance their positions even at just the dinner table. This he also found at the roulette table. The game provided him with a way to level the playing field between him and the rich folks by winning. The reverence for the beauty of women as only devotional love signifies is present also in Baudelaire’s. â€Å"The real, true head, the sincere countenance/ Reversed and hidden by the lying face./ Poor glamorous beauty !/ the magnificent stream/ Of your tears flows into my anguished heart ;/ Your falsehood makes me drunk and my soul slakes its thirst/ At the flood from your eyes,

Coach †The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Essay Example for Free

Coach – The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Essay Abstract Fashion trends are sensitive, and customers are unpredictable. It makes fashion industry become a highly competitive market. To survive and thrive, fashion companies need distinctive strategies. It seems aspiring but not many firms can achieve. As an exception, Coach proves its success in this challenge by not walking through the same way as others rivals (e.g. Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Prada, and Hermes) have done. Coach has created a customer-focused model and a result-driven strategy to lead its business to overcome crisis and expand market. Even though there still have many challenges in the fashion sector, Coach’s strategy seems to be sustainable. Coach – The Leading Consumer-centric Corporation Coach was a family-run company founded by Miles Cahn in 1941 in New York (Coach, 2012). Coach was famous for traditional crafted leather goods, but keeping the classic styles drove it to dramatically lose market share. Based on the excellent management of Chairman Lew Frankfort, Coach shifted from a conventional leather division of Sarah Lee Corp. to a fashion-oriented brand name and a customer-centric corporation (Boorstin, 2002). Coach has thrived not only in North America but also in Japan, China and other countries (Coach, 2012 Tsukahara, 2011). Therefore, Coach’s strategy is sustainable. Successful Management in Turbulent Economic Conditions The secret formula for Coach’s success simply comprises two components. First, it is the perfect collaboration between Lew Frankfort (Chairman and CEO) and Reed Krakoff (President and Executive Creative Director). Since Frankfort took his office, he implemented several typical reforms: created customer database to examine consumer behavior, built multichannel distribution system (retail stores, factory outlets, boutiques, and online store), and hired Reed Krakoff to refresh Coach’s product design (Slywotzky, 2007). Krakoff made a revolution in Coach conventional product lines by using new materials, shapes, styles, and colors to attract more customers but not abandon its loyal fans (Slywotzky, 2007). Second, consumer-focused strategy makes Coach stand out. Based on customer information that is collected through various angles, Coach can sooner identify problems and quickly adjust. In a nutshell, Coach’s success derives from a blend of â€Å"understanding the consumer, being results-driven and at the same time anticipating when fashion is happening (Karimzadeh, 2004). What Makes Coach Different From its Competitors? Coach chooses to operate in its own way. First is â€Å"selling luxury for the mass† (Gogoi, 2005). Coach sets product prices 50% lower than Gucci or Louis Vuitton to attract cost-conscious customers (Takahara, 2008). Coach’s numerous product lines satisfy diverse market segments based on ages, regions, and cultures. However, product quality must be maintained to be considered as luxury goods (Slywotzky, 2007). Second is the customer-driven operating model. Coach spends around five million U.S. dollars annually on market research to collect customer information through private interviews, telephone surveys, competitive analysis, and in-store product tests (Slywotzky, 2007). By putting customers into operating process from input (what customers desire) to output (product testing), Coach can modify its products to satisfy customers’ requirement or increase production of favorite products (Slywotzky, 2007). For example, Japanese customers usually commute to work, so they prefer small bags (Tsukahara, 2011). Moreover, database shows that customer usually visits store every month so Coach launches its new products monthly to attract customers and give them more new choices (Slywotzky, 2007 Tsukahara, 2011). Third is the tight management. The executives check sales operation of each store daily and frequently review each business unit as well as the total business planning (Boorstin, 2002). Lew Frankfort even visits stores a few times a week to check their operations and directly evaluate customer responses (Slywotzky, 2007). Fourth, Coach has a flexible production process by using 100% outsourcing in 16 countries around the world (e.g. Vietnam and China), which neither Gucci nor Louis Vuitton is interested in (Karimzadeh, 2004 Tsukahara, 2011). This also helps Coach cut off fixed costs, and reduce time consuming from production to sales operation. Fifth, Coach has a huge multichannel distribution system: 500 stores in U.S and Canada, 300 direct-operated stores in Japan, China, Singapore and the like, a set of boutiques in particular department stores and an online website coach.com (Coach, 2012). This provides more opportunities for Coach to expand business globally. Coach Strategy is Sustainable In this highly competitive market, Coach has its own weapon to be considered sustainable: understanding customers and building a solid business structure. With a huge database of 9.7 million families from different viewpoints (Slywotzky, 2007), Coach knows how to make its products fit with customer demands or even how to set reasonable prices. For example, a survey before launching the New Hamptons Lap Satchel revealed that customers were willing to pay 328$ for this product, which was 30$ higher than prediction, then Coach immediately reprinted the price tags and sales augmented (Slywotzky, 2007). Moreover, with the close management as described above, Coach runs its operation sensibly by focusing on any detailed changes in sales and customer behaviors. Besides, Coach has a diversified product category (handbag, wallet, suitcase, accessories, perfume, and clothes) with various designs and an enormous distribution channel to help Coach approach many different market segments. In an interview with Fox Business in 2011, Frankfort was confident that Coach’s strategy was sustainable in that turbulent time, he only concerned about the macro economy: the slowly irregular economic recovery might affect consumer confidence in purchasing decision. Conclusion To gain market share, Coach chooses a unique way to operate: Coach’s customer-centric model, together with the perfect combination of logic (represented by Lew Frankfort) and magic (symbolized by Reed Krakoff), help Coach thrive in such a very competitive fashion industry. Even though there might be many forthcoming challenges, Coach’s strategy is sustainable because understanding customers helps Coach identify risks sooner and respond faster. References Boorstin, J. (2002, October 28). How Coach got hot The maker of the indestructible purse finally considers style. CNNMoney. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?sid=2f9ec3fa-9541-4044-87e1-2ddd37107d03%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=127bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=bthAN=7567234. Coach (2012). Coach financial tear sheet. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/Tearsheet.ashx?c=122587. Gogoi, P. (2005, November 28). Selling luxury for the masses. Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-11-28/selling-luxury-to-the-masses. Glick, A. (Interviewer) Frankfort, L. (Interviewee) (2011). Coach evolving its base with poppy. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://video.foxbusiness.com/v/3951579/coach-evolving-its-base-with-poppy/. Karimzadeh, M. (2004, March 1). Riding Coach’s express: No signs of slowdown as luxe brand zooms. Women’s Wear Daily. Retrieved from http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/riding-coach-8217-s-express-no-signs-of-slowdown-as-luxe-brand-zooms-695558?full=true. Takahara, K. (2 008, September 12). Coach builds brand of affordable luxury goods. The Japan Time Online. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nb20080912a3.html. Tsukahara, M. (2011, November 26). A study of brand/ Coach keeps on riding high. The Daily Yomiuri. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/business/T111121007083.htm. Slywotzky, A. J. (2007). The upside of strategic risk. In Oliver Wyman Journal. Retrieved on Oct. 25, 2012 from http://www.oliverwyman.com/pdf_files/OWJ-UpsideofStratRisk.pdf.

Supply Chain Management Essay -- business processes, SCOR model

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the integration of information, technologies and management of key business functions which is linked directly or indirectly and provides services to the same customer. It promotes the flow of products downstream from raw materials to the end consumer and the flow of information upstream from consumer to supplier [1]. In above figure it explains that raw materials is procured and then it goes to the supplier for processing of raw material, suppliers supplies the processed raw materials to the manufactures, producers transform these raw material into finished goods, distributors delivers finished goods, packed materials to customers or retailers and retailers sell that product to consumers. Supply chain management was introduced due to inability of the organizations to understand the entire string of activities that governed the delivery of the product to the final customer. Previously companies were too restricted in their outlook and were concerned only with activities within their own boundaries. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. SCM ensures higher efficiency of modern businesses, by coordinating and synchronizing various organizations in the supply chain [2]. There are a variety of supply chain models, which address both the upstream and downstream sides. The SCOR (Supply-Chain Operations Reference) model. This literature review gives a brief description of the SCOR model. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1. THE SUPPLY CHAIN COUNCIL Supply Chain Council (SCC) is a global nonprofit organization (NGO) whose framework, improvement methodology, training, certification and benchmarking tools help member organizations make dramatic,... ...espread use of SCOR model. 10. REFERENCES [1] SASCM Student association of supply chain management, Weber State University. [2] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain [3] Supply Chain Council (2010), Supply-Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, Version 10, Supply-Chain Council, Inc, 2010 [4] Supply Chain Council (2008), Supply-Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model, Version 9 Overview, Supply-Chain Council, Inc, 2008. [5] Peter Bolstorff and Robert Rosenbaum. Supply Chain Excellence: A Handbook for Dramatic Improvement Using the SCOR Model. Broadway, NY: American Management Association, 2003. [6] https://supply-chain.org/f/SCOR-Overview-Web.pdf [7] Samuel H. Huan, Sunil K. Sheoran, Ge Wang, (2004) "A review and analysis of supply chain operations reference (SCOR) model", Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 9 Iss: 1, pp.23 - 29

Food and Beverage Control

Objectives of F&B control * Analysis of income and expenditure performance can be expressed in gross profit, net margin (gross – wages) and net profit (net margin – rent, rates, insurance†¦) * Establishment and maintenance of standards. SOP (standard operational procedures) * Pricing * Prevention of waste * Prevention of fraud * Management information Problems of F&B control * Perishability of food * Business volume unpredictability/sales instability Menu mix unpredictability * F&B operation short cycle -> little time for many control tasks * Departmentalization – several production and service departments -> separate trading results Fundamentals of control Planning phase Policies: pre-determined guidelines * Financial policy – level of profitability, subsidy and cost limits from each department * Marketing policy: target group * National identity * Customer profile Market share – same or more percentage of ‘our’ market * Turnover – sales volume increased by x% on previous year * Profitability – profit increased by each unit by x% on previous year * ASP (average spending power) increased by x% or to achieve a new ASP of no less than â‚ ¬x * Product – same high standard * Customer satisfaction – net result must be the satisfaction of every customer * Catering policy – main objectives of F&B facilities and describe the methods of how this is achieved * Type of customer * Type of menu * Beverage provision necessary for operation Food quality standards * Method of buying (contract, cash†¦) * Type and quality of service * Degree of comfort and decor * Hours of operation Operational phase * Purchasing * Product testing (tasting) * Yield testing * Purchase specifications – concise description of quality, size, weight etc. * Method of buying * Clerical procedures (who places orders, what documentation necessary for control) * Receiving * Quantity inspection * Quality inspection * Clerical procedures (acknowledgement of the receipt, delivery signature) * Storing and issuing * Stock records Pricing of items * Stocktaking (how much stock to be held, rate of stock turnover etc. ) * Clerical procedures (what documentation in necessary) * Selling * Checking system (number of items sold) * Control of cash * Clerical procedures Post operation phase * F&B cost reporting (daily or weekly) * Assessment – compare reports with budgets and with previous performance * Correction if necessary Reality of control: never 100% efficient Setting the budget and break-even analysis * Budget – plan which reflects policies and determines the business perations for a particular trading period * Budgetary control – control with particular responsibility for budget results is assigned to managers and continuous comparison between the actual results and the budgeted figures is made * Objectives of budgetary control * To provide a plan of action, to keep business with its policies and to maximize the full use of resources * To set standards of performance * To set out levels of cost responsibility and to encourage cost awareness * Capital budgets – assets, equipment etc. * Operating budgets – day-to-day income and includes sales, cost of sales, labour, maintenance etc.Stages of budgeting 1. Determination of net profit, capital invested and risks involved 2. Preparation of sales budget – volume of sales necessary to achieve desired net profit. Also influences budgeted cost for food, labour etc. 3. Preparation of administration and general budgets (office expenses, advertising etc. ) 4. Preparation of capital expenditure budget (new equipment, furniture) 5. Preparation of cash budget (cash inflows/outflows, cash balance) 6. Preparation of master budgets (trading account, profit loss account and balance sheet) Costs, profits and sales Material costs = opening stock + cost of purchases – closing stock â€⠀œ cost of staff meals * Labour costs = wages and salaries * Overhead costs = all other costs Four kinds of costs * Fixed – always the same * Semi-fixed – depends on volume of sales but not in same proportion (fuel, telephone costs) * Variable – in proportion to volume of sales * Total – sum of above Profit * Gross profit – total sales – cost of materials * After-wage profit/net margin – total sales – material – labour * Net profit – total sales – total costs (material, labour, overhead cost) Break-even analysis * Based on: Selling price, product mix and unit costs remain the same * Only one product is made/sold * Break-even = C/(S-V) * C = total fixed costs * S = sales price * V = variable cost Software systems * Menu planning (popularity and profitability) * Production control (quantities) * Stock management (maintain stock levels) * Purchase ordering (order automatically when minimum stock) * Menu analys is (individual customer menu choices recorded) * All of these systems together: EPOS system Basic concepts * Planning, standard yields, recipes, portion sizes -> PYRS * Production planning (or volume forecasting) Goal: cost control, purchasing, reduce waste, production on demand, comparison between actual and potential volume of sales * Standard yields * Is the usable part of that product after initial preparation, or the edible part of the product after preparation and cooking * Goal: know how much to buy, safeguard against wastage – measurement of efficiency of production, accurate food costing * Standard recipe * Goal: accurate costing, important to know nutritional value, useful in kitchen * Standard portion size * Aid to food costing Methods of food control Control cycle * Purchase order * Delivery note Invoice (usually send directly to accounts department) * Requisition Weekly/monthly food cost report * For small business * Simple and quick to make * No intermediate inf ormation (only after 7 or 28 days) Daily food cost report * For small to medium-sized business * Simple and easy to follow * Detailed * Corrective action can be taken early in the month * Accuracy is important * Ignores staff meals, food that goes to/from bar -> not accurate Calculation of potential food costs 1. Multiply number of each menu item during a sample week by potential food cost per portion -> total potential food cost of a week 2.Same with sold portions and menu prices -> potential total sales 3. Divide total potential food cost by total potential sales -> potential food cost percentage * Necessary information for above calculation: * Number of items sold and their selling prices * Standard recipe cards of all menu items * Summary of potential food cost obtained from recipe cards * Average market price for main ingredients Methods of beverage control * Six basic types: control of purchasing, receiving, storing and issuing, planning, establishment of standard yields, reci pes, portion sizes and inventory * Par stock or bottle control system Beginning stock * Number of empty bottles to be counted and requisitioned for the day * Potential sales based on quantities issues and compared to actual revenue received * Adjustments made to selling price if necessary * Potential sales value system * Revenue value of each bottle based on standard size of drink, contents of bottle and selling price for each drink * Full bottles of spirits: potential sales value is the same as selling price * Spirits sold by glass: number of drinks x price per drink = potential sales value * Millimeter system * Most accurate EPOS reporting Menu item preference – to identify potential menu items that aren’t doing well and eliminate them from the menu * Menu item profitability * Sales by meal period – to know when to hire more staff or for marketing * Sales by server – to identify members of staff who need further training * Category report * Table waitin g times Profit sensitivity analysis (PSA) * Identifying the ‘critical’ or ‘key factors’ of a business and how they influence the net profit * Method of PSA: 1. Identify key factors (number of covers, F&B costs, labour costs†¦) 2. Assume a change in one key factor at a time 3.Calculate resulting change in net profit 4. Calculate ‘profit multipliers’ PM = % of change in net profit / % of change in key factor 5. List the PM’s in order of size 6. Analyze results Menu engineering * Evaluation of menu with regard to its present and future content, design and pricing * Highlight the good and poor performers on a menu * Customer demand – number of customers served * Menu mix – customer preference for menu item * Contribution margin (GP% – gross profit %) of each menu item (how much earned from item) * Stars – popular menu items and high GP% * Plowhorses – popular but low GP% Puzzles – low popularity but high GP% * Dogs – low popularity and low GP% Systems of revenue control * Manual or automated * Sales checks: each item ordered and the selling price to be recorded in check pads * Cashiers role: check and record the check pads in a ‘check number issue sheet’ and check pricing of all checks and add taxes Computerized items * Pre-checking systems: waiter has own machine key * Pre-set pre-checking system: each item on menu has its own key on machine * Electronic cash registers (ECR): EPOS is better so now only for small operations * MPOS: handheld/mobile EPOS systemForecasting * How many customers and what will they eat at what time * We need: * Sales and turndown history * Cancellations and no show trends * Competitor data * Market trends * Weather forecast * Methods of forecasting software * Non-linear regression: used when time is the independent variable * Multiple regression analysis * Trend analysis * Adaptive filtering Operating ratios * Total F&B sales * Recorded and checked against budgeted sales figure * Done daily for large businesses * Departmental profit * Expenses = costs of F&B labour * Profit = % of departmental sales Ratio of separate F&B sales to total sales * ASP – number of items recorded on till roll and total sales * Sales mix – food-beverages, appetizers-coffees-mains * Payroll costs – % of sales – higher if more service * Index of productivity – sales/payroll * Stock turnover * Rate of stock turnover = cost of F&B consumed / average stock value at cost * Number of items that average level of stock has turned over in a given period * Sales per seat available – sales value that can be earned by each seat * Rate of seat turnover – number of times that each seat is used * Sales per waiter * Sales per m?

The Effects of Parenting Styles on Children

There are many ideas and opinions on how to raise children and how to be a â€Å"good parent. † Often, parents get advice on how to parent from their own parents, from their close friends, and even experts. There are three main types of parenting styles: authoritarian parenting, permissive parenting, and authoritative parenting. Authoritative parenting is a parenting style characterized by strict rules, harsh punishments and little warmth. Permissive parenting is characterized by parents who are responsive to their children, but lack rules and discipline.Authoritative parenting is characterized by parents who hold high expectations and set clear guidelines, but are responsive and loving to their children. Parenting styles determine the behaviour of children. The most effective parenting style, the authoritative style, can help lead to positive outcomes for children. It is significant to know what impact each parenting style has on a child's behaviour due to certain parenting s tyles having a negative effect, and certain styles having positive and healthy effects on a child's behaviour.A national longitudinal survey was conducted by Social Development Canada and Statistics Canada that observed over 4,100 children over a eight year period. The results supported many of research psychologist, Diana Baumrind's, findings. This included, that an authoritarian parenting style lead to children who are obedient, competent, good at following rules; but they lack in self-esteem, social skills and happiness, and were more likely to be aggressive. An authoritative parenting style, results in children that are balanced, competent, successful, and happy.Lastly, a permissive parenting style resulted in children having poor academic records and they were more likely to clash with authorities. Diana Baumrind believes that: While it is unreasonable to expect any parent capable of committing to one style and never deviating from it, having an end result in mind – what kind of person you want your child to become and what type of relationship you want to have with them – can provide the extra motivation and reasoning behind your choice of parenting style and disciplinary strategies. (Smith, 2011, www. suite101. om) This is a very good suggestion for parents because if one truly looks into how they want their child to turn out, they will probably want them to be happy, responsible, competent, social, successful, and balanced, and they will realize that there is a way to achieve that. This would be achievable by them being a role model for their children, showing them a prime example of who they should look up to. An authoritative parenting style is a balance of setting rules, giving love, but at the same time letting children know that the parent is in charge.An article about how parenting styles impact children states: Balanced (Authoritative) parents:†¢ Guide their children’s activities explaining why rules are important †¢ Consider their child’s point of view when they refuse to behave as requested. In this way, the parent is accepting of their child’s individuality while setting standards for future behaviour †¢ Keep communication open and clear†¢ Enforce consistent consequences (Bornstein, 2007, www. ealthunit. com) This is a true method of balanced parenting, according to Rick Trinkner, a doctoral candidate at University of new Hampshire, he suggests, â€Å"Our data offers further evidence that the authoritative parenting style is an effective way for parents to successfully socialize their children and that its influence works largely through its effect on youth perceptions of parental legitimacy† (Wyman, 2012, www. howtolearn. com).The references above, show that the authoritative parenting style is the best way to raise a child. A disadvantage when researching the effect that parenting styles have on child behaviour is that some parents may deny that the result of their child's behaviour is due to their parenting style. It could also offend some parents if it were said, for example, that their child is unhappy and aggressive because of their authoritarian parenting style.Although surveys and observations have been done on this subject, and that there is research to prove that parenting styles do have an effect on a child's behaviour, everyone always has their own opinions, and may not agree with this research. References Bornstein L, Bornstein MH. (2007). Parenting styles and child social development. In Tremblay RE, Barr RG, Peters RDeV, eds. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. Montreal, Quebec: Centre of Excellence for Early Childhood Development.Smith, L. (2011). Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Authoritative and Permissive. In Parenting Methods [online. ] Retrieved Monday, October 15th, 2012, from http://suite101. com/article/parenting-styles-authoritarian-authoritative-and-permissive-a361151. Wyman, P. (2012). How Yo ur Parenting Style Affects Your Child’s Behaviour. In Articles [online. ] Retrieved Monday, October 15th, 2012, from http://www. howtolearn. com/2012/02/how-your-parenting-style-affects-your-childs-behavior.

Free speech in music essays

Free speech in music essays I think that every American citizen will agree with me when I say that freedom of speech is an essential part of democracy. This right encompasses many different areas of American life including but not limited to actual speech, clothing, what we read, what we see on television, and also what we hear in out music. But where do we draw the line on what we can and cannot say in music? I say that anything goes. It is after all only music. When I say its only music, I dont want to make it seem like I think music is not an important thing. Far from it. My life would be completely different and far less enjoyable without it. What I mean is that it really isnt something that people need to get all worked up about. If one group or one parent has something against one kind of music or what kind of message that it is supposedly conveying, then I think it is their responsibility to ignore it or boycott it as they see fit, but it is ridiculous that everyone should have to suffer because one person is easily offended. And how does one group decide that music is profane or offensive without knowing anything about it? It is impossible for someone who does not listen to heavy metal or any other similar tasteless style of music to understand what is trying to be said. I believe that half of the time these fogies are letting the loud sound impair their judgment. If these people would turn their hearing aids down and open their eyes they might see the truth rather than what they want to hear all the time. Another thing that I find amusing is that while many times people are trying to stop this music from getting out into the public, a lot of times all the fuss only serves to help record sales of these so called offensive musicians. If people would just calm down and let everyone make their own decisions on what is right and wrong musically, the country would be a lot better off. First off, why ...

Getting to Know Your Protagonist How to Create “Real” Characters - Freewrite Store

Getting to Know Your Protagonist How to Create â€Å"Real† Characters - Freewrite Store Have you ever read a book where the characters seem so real it’s like they could step off the page and sit down for a coffee with you? Those are the kinds of characters I love - the ones you almost miss when the novel comes to an end. Unfortunately, too many books I read contain characters that seem little more than cardboard cutouts. Being able to craft a protagonist in your story that is three-dimensional and totally â€Å"real† is a skill that a lot of novelists struggle with. If you find it difficult to create those kinds of characters, you’re certainly not alone - but it’s absolutely possible to learn this skill. And it’s not as hard as you might think it is! Keep reading if you want to discover powerful secrets for creating characters that jump right off the page. What Not  To Do You’ve probably come across those questionnaires that many ‘how-to-write’ websites love so much. You know the questions I mean - the ones that are supposed to help you get to know your characters by having you fill in every detail of your character’s life. Where they were born, their middle name, how their parents met, their job, their hobbies†¦ and so on. Here’s my first piece of advice. Don’t rely on those kinds of questionnaires to bring your characters to life. Sure, it can help to have those details to hand when you’re writing, but I’m afraid they’re not going to give you three-dimensional characters. It’s not facts that bring your characters to life. Getting Under Your Protagonist’s Skin Being able to describe what your character looks like is useful, but it’s not what makes him come alive in your reader’s mind. Instead, you need to focus on what makes your character tick. To get under your characters’ skin, you need to know the answers to these kinds of questions: What motivates him? What is she afraid of? Is she emotional, passionate and extroverted or placid, gentle and introverted? What secrets does he have that he’s afraid that others may reject him because of? What influences her decision-making? What’s his life-story? What makes her happy? What makes him angry? How does she present herself to others - and is that at odds at how she feels inside? What are the experiences that have shaped his opinions and reactions to different situations? The emotional details of your protagonist’s psyche are far more important than being able to describe the color of his hair or the layout of her home. When I write fiction, I’ve been known to spend more time getting to know my characters innermost secrets than I actually spend on writing the novel. Taking the time to really get under your characters’ skin can be frustrating when you just want to sit down and write, but trust me, the effort is absolutely worth it. When I look at some of the stories I wrote before I discovered the secrets of bringing my characters to life on the page, I’m embarrassed by how two-dimensional the characters seem. I didn’t spend enough time understanding what made my protagonists tick, and it shows. I’m going to take you through my own 3-step process for creating realistic characters so that you can easily follow a tried-and-tested technique that really works. 3 Powerful Steps Toward Understanding Your Protagonists When you start the process of bringing your characters to life, I suggest you open a new document for each protagonist. This is where you can keep and organize all the details you ‘discover’ and have a handy reference when you start to write your novel. This technique also works for short stories, but you won’t need quite so much detail! Step 1: Exploring the Psyche The psyche of your protagonist and other characters is where their motivations lie. There are different aspects to this - both conscious and subconscious. While it may seem a little weird at first to dig into the subconscious of a character that you’re creating, investing time in this exercise really pays off. To explore your protagonist’s psyche, you need to ask deep and searching questions and dig into as much detail as you can. If you find that you’re struggling with this exercise, you might want to try the ‘empty chair’ visualization. Put a chair opposite you and imagine that your character is sitting in it. Ask them the following questions, as you might do if it was a friend sitting in the chair. What is your primary goal and why is it so important to you? What is the deepest desire in your life? Do you worry that you’ll never reach the point where that deepest desire is realized? If so, why is that? What are you most afraid of? What are your core beliefs about yourself, other people, and the world around you? Do you believe in fairytales? What are your views about marriage, divorce, happiness, success, and failure? If you could sum up your fundamental beliefs in a single sentence, what would that sentence be? What three values describe you the most closely? What principles do you believe should always be adhered to? What drives you to get out of bed every morning? At the end of this exercise, you will have a pretty good insight into the conscious and subconscious things that make your character who they are. If there are other questions you want to ask, go ahead and ask them - this list isn’t an exhaustive one! Step 2: Examining their Behavior Knowing how your character will react in different situations can help you to craft scenes that really bring your protagonist to life. We’ll be looking at why they behave the way they do in step 3, so in this step, you need to focus solely on your character’s behavior and actions. Instead of asking your character questions, this step requires you to really exercise your imagination. By the time you’ve finished with this step, you’ll be confident in knowing how your character will react in a whole range of situations, and it’s this kind of detailed knowledge that allows you to bring your protagonist to life on the page. You’re going to be putting your protagonist (and other key characters) into a range of hypothetical situations, so this step can take a while! You don’t have to go through all the scenarios at once, though - it’s something you can come back to later if you’re short on time. Scenario 1 Your protagonist leaves the office and rides the elevator to the underground garage to get their car to head home. As they’re pulling out of the garage, a black sedan comes hurtling towards them and rear-ends their vehicle. What does your protagonist do? Scenario 2 The phone rings in the middle of the night. Your protagonist sees that it’s an ‘unknown number’ and ignores the call. In the morning, they check voicemail and learn that a friend or family member has been involved in an accident. By the time they get to the hospital, the person has passed away. How do they react? Scenario 3 Your protagonist heads out on a hike one Saturday morning after a busy week at work. After a couple of hours, they come across an abandoned campsite. There’s a still-smoldering campfire that suggests that it’s not long since someone left in a hurry. Suddenly, your protagonist hears the sound of someone sobbing. What do they do? Scenario 4 Your character spends several hours at a family picnic attended by extended family and friends. They have a secret that they thought no one is aware of, but then their cousin makes a comment that suggests the secret is out of the bag. What does your protagonist do? Scenario 5 It’s vacation time, and your protagonist is vacationing in Jamaica. While they’re lazing by the pool, a stranger asks a too-intimate question. How does your protagonist respond? Scenario 6 New neighbors have moved in, and the whole neighborhood is talking about them because they’re not the kind of people who normally live in this part of town (for whatever reason, it’s up to you!). Your protagonist is mowing the front lawn when the new neighbors come out of the house. How does your character respond to them? Scenario 7 Your protagonist discovers that they have a stalker. What aspects of their personality emerge in response to the chilling situation? Scenario 8 At work, your protagonist’s line manager is deported because she’s breached the terms of her visa. Suddenly, your character has to step into a leadership role that they’ve never been trained for. How do they respond, and what kind of leader do they make? Scenario 9 Your protagonist is talking to a friend when they suddenly realize that they’ve caught their friend in a lie. How do they react? (You can flip this one and imagine how your character would behave if a friend discovered that your character has been lying to them). Scenario 10 There’s a freak storm that knocks out the power and phone lines and leaves your character stuck in the office, unable to get home because of flash flooding. Their twelve-year-old child is home alone. How does your character respond to the crisis? If you want to try more scenarios to delve even deeper into your character’s behavior, feel free to create your own! Step 3: Understanding their Influences Now that you understand your character’s psyche a little more, and you’ve delved into the way that they behave, it’s time to start exploring the things that have shaped them as a person. To a certain extent, this is similar to knowing your character’s backstory, but in this exercise, you’ll be delving a bit deeper and exploring facts that might never be revealed in your novel. Backstory is usually used as part of the novel in some form or another, but many of the details that you’ll be uncovering in this exercise are about helping you to understand your characters, rather than providing the context in a story. You can use the empty chair technique again to ask your character about the things that have made them who they are. What is your earliest memory? How have your early experiences impacted on your personality? For example, have they made you: Reserved/shy? Fearful? Timid? Aggressive? Confrontational? Anxious? Determined? Confident? Tell me about your childhood. What kind of relationship do you have with your parents and other close family members? How old were you when you had your first kiss? What were your experiences at school like? Were you encouraged to express yourself as a child? Can you tell me about the 7 most challenging and/or life-changing events you’ve experienced in your life? How have these events shaped you? Do you find it easy to trust other people? Why/why not? Who was your first crush, and why were you attracted to them? When you are faced with a threatening situation, is your immediate response one of fight, flight or freeze? Again, this isn’t an exhaustive list of questions, so feel free to add others that you think will deepen your understanding of your character(s). Real Characters Require Real Effort It would be great if there was a quick and easy way to create characters that just leap off the page, but unfortunately, there isn’t. Cutting corners when you’re creating characters leads to two-dimensional characters that your readers will quickly lose interest in and forget about once the novel is over. If you want characters that are going to stay in your readers’ minds and give you a solid fanbase for future books featuring the same characters, then you’re going to have to put the time in. Trust me, you won’t regret it. What’s more, if you’re planning a series then you only have to get to know your protagonist once, so future novels will be ‘easier’ to write.    About the author: Ariella is an experienced copywriter, editor, and digital marketing consultant. Driven by a passion for writing and content creation she takes pride in producing articles that deliver the latest information in an engaging manner and marketing campaigns that deliver exceptional results. Ariella has a BA (Hons) in English Language and Creative Writing (First), an MA in Theology and Ministry, and is a published author of three novels and a bestselling non-fiction book. A creative at heart, Ariella has 14 years’ industry experience and always aims to keep abreast of current trends and developments. She lives in the UK with her three beagles Zeke, Hope, and Sandy, who always make life interesting.

Intel Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intel Corporation - Case Study Example Cliff Edwards (2006) mentions the changing culture in the Intel Corporation. During the term of Andrew Grove, his motto was "Only the paranoid survive". He and former chief Craig Barret introduced the manner of giving out money to some computer makers for joint advertising. During the term of new CEO, Paul Otellini, his diplomatic nature made him adopt his motto of "Praise in public, criticize in private". (Edwards, 2006) Edwards (2006) mentions the changes that are pushed by Intel Chief Marketing Officer Eric Kim on the Intel brand. Kim suggested to stop the manufacture of old models that were created during the tenure of former Intel Chief Executive Andrew Grove and focus on the new ones. Kim wanted to retain the Pentium brand. Figure 1 shows the evolution of the Intel brand logo from which according to Edwards (2006) had a "dropped e" until the new Intel brand logo which according to Jeff Adkins (2006) is to be launched in 2010. Intel's CEO Paul Otellini supported the move of reforms on the company. He wants to produce products not only for personal computers but also on consumer electronics, wireless communications, and health care. Edwards (2006) identifies the reason for this change which was the decreased revenue growth for computers because of added competitors like mobile phones that also have features similar to computers. Aside from Intel's main products, the microprocessors, Otellini wants to produce all varieties of chips and software and combine them into "platforms". (Edwards, 2006) III. STRATEGIC CONTROLS AND IMPLEMENTATIONS In response to the reported drawbacks during the 2nd quarter of 2006 wherein Intel Corporation placed behind its rival chipmaker Advance Micro Devices Incorporated (AMD), Edwards (2006) reports that Intel Corp. began decreasing its prices of computer chips by at least 200 U.S. dollars. It also introduced its new processor the Intel Core 2 Duo which runs twice the performance of Pentium 4 desktop chips and saves more energy for laptop computers. For the older Pentium processors, Intel will continue manufacturing them for the people who have low budget allotted for purchasing computers. Edwards (2006) argues that if there will be a price war between Intel and AMD, Intel will come out benefiting from its larger sales through lower costs. Intel has better manufacturing techniques which give the company the room to lower its prices that will not affect the overall profits. Edwards (2006) adds that AMD can match the technology Intel has by the second half of 2007. (Edwards, 2006) Aili McConnon (2007) reports a manifestation of the vision of Otellini of developing products aside from computer microchips. The company has been developing a highly developed version of motion capture in which people will not need remotes to change the channels and volume of their televisions. (McConnon, 2007) This strategy is one way of promoting the brand in the entertainment arena. Bruce Einhorn (2006) cites another move for the company in making its products accessible by many people and the Kim's vision of improving the lives of people. In the case of China were Internet Caf computers reached 11 million units in 2006, the Intel management created a system in assisting in the management and update

Basic Principles of Humanitarian Law Research Paper

Basic Principles of Humanitarian Law - Research Paper Example Given that the main research questions are; what are the common, basic humanitarian law principles and to what extent these principles are observed, the essay discusses the basic principles of humanitarian law. In humanitarian law, there are basic principles such as military necessity. Military necessity is a principle which should be observed to ensure that aid reaches those who require it, by engaging military officers to perform the function (McCormack and McDonald 6). This is because military officers are trained to address humanitarian issues even in very dangerous circumstances. They have undergone training on saving lives, protecting themselves and protecting and assisting needy victims of war or other calamities. Another humanitarian law principle is that of limited warfare, which restricts the extent to which military becomes essential so as to achieve the military objectives. Therefore, based on various circumstances, military necessity has various contours which are circumstance specific (Fleck and Bothe 123). Limited warfare entails the prohibition of warfare methods which lead to long-term, widespread and severe damages to the environment (Fleck and Bothe 124). There is also the principle of distinction which requires that there should be an appropriate distinction between activities that prevent or accelerate the war effort (McCormack and McDonald 6). Distinction requires that there should be a determination of prioritizing so that aid reaches only legitimate beneficiaries so that it does not contribute to the war effort. The principle of humanity is also a humanitarian law principle. Torture and assassinations should be prohibited. Unnecessary suffering should be limited, as much as possible (McCormack and McDonald 7).  

The effect of the United Kingdom on the business environment of the EU Essay

The effect of the United Kingdom on the business environment of the EU - Essay Example The Single European Act that was enacted through the provisions of the Treaty of Rome is a key factor in the evolvement of the EU. It created the Single Market which has been one of the greatest and most successful actions initiated by national governments in the Union. This Act was designed not only for fair trade practices but also for the purpose of mutual acceptance of qualifications, harmonizing company law, imposing taxes and levies, the support of government to industries and other aspects such as government initiatives which enhance or diminish the advantageous position of a company.In December 1992, the Member States agreed to ratify this legislation. However this is not final as the unification process is a continuous one. The Treaty of Rome contemplated a free market in goods and services. Nearly seventy per cent of the European GDP emanates from this free market. Critics argue that firms that were in operation in the previous Member States that had streamlined costs and s tandards could be slowly weakened or injured by new firms in the new Member States with substandard ethics and costs. In order to meet this eventuality the Council of Ministers has endeavoured, several times, to set up a Services Directive with a standard regulatory framework, which is under examination and has not yet been finalized (Walsh, Stephens, & Moore, 2000, p59).The United Kingdom was not only unable to accept the supremacy of the EU but it was also reluctant to abandon its sovereignty. The current position is that Tony Blair's regime also chooses to extend cooperation by way of intergovernmental arrangements. It continued this stance of ignoring the predominant role of the European Court of Justice. In the year 1997, during the Amsterdam Summit the UK government was successful in retaining its right to maintain barriers at its national boundaries (Hall & Bhatt, Policing Europe. EU Justice and Home Affairs co - operation). It had regularly interpreted the principles of free movement under the Single European Act according to its convenience and in a manner that differed from other Member States. It does not want to permit EU citizens or anyone else to travel without a passport in the UK and it upholds its right to control the travel of non - EU nationals into Britain. This opt - out position exempts the UK from implementing the provisions of the EU, which provides for less stringent passport restrictions, and from permitting immigration and granting asylum. However, the UK is bestowed with a right to opt - in to EU arrangements in the future (Hall & Bhatt, Policing Europe: EU Justice and Home Affairs co-operation). The political importance of the UK's EU policy depends upon Justice and home affairs. Two significant decisions that represent its position of keeping away from EU integration are the decision not to join the EMU and the decision to opt - out from the implementation of free - movement of goods and people. The UK's ambition is to become the most important Member State in the EU and acquire a dominant position on par with France and Germany (Hall & Bhatt, Policing Europe: EU Justice and Home Affairs co-operation). In order to fulfill its aspirations the UK will chose the opt - in option in more free - movement policies in the near future. This strategy will endow it with a major role in the formulation of the migration policies of the EU. The UK yearns to display its strong determination to obtain an increased cooperation from the police and the judiciary in order to combat organized crime. In the area of judicial cooperation the government of the UK aspires to be in a leading position in order to bring about a Union - wide judicial scope. The UK with its potentially active law - enforcement institutions and a vibrant judiciary, will create a friendly atmosphere in international cooperation. This was

Balancing Rights and Duties of Parties

Balancing Rights and Duties of Parties Introduction The letter of credit is the most commonly used method of payment for goods in international trade. This thesis highlights the imbalance of the rights and duties of the parties in a letter of credit transaction by emphasising deficiencies in the letters of credit system. In addition, on those areas where there is lack of justice and equity and which make the system of the letters of credit vulnerable for fraudulent activities. After briefly discussing the structure of the letter of credit system, it discusses the rights and duties of parties to such transactions and how the risk of the innocent buyer has increased under UCP and very often the buyer is paying for the goods he had not contracted for. It further discusses the independence principle and the doctrine of documentary compliance, that overprotection of the â€Å"independence principle†, and the lack of â€Å"reasonable care† on the part of banks provide opportunities of fraud to the sellers to obtain payment wit hout actually performing their duties to banks and buyers. It will also argues about the â€Å"fraud exception† to the independence principle, particularly the position of the fraud exception in England and the history of some decisions of English Courts. In the end it gives some suggestions to balance the rights and duties amongst parties in a letter of credit transaction. Chapter 1 Structure of a Letter of Credit Transaction Commercial letters of credit have been used for the centuries as a most common method of payment, in international trade. Letters of credit used in international transactions are governed by the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (UCP). A commercial letter of credit is a contractual agreement between a bank (issuing bank), on behalf of one of its customers (buyer), authorizing another bank (advising or confirming bank), to make payment to the beneficiary (seller). The issuing bank, on the application of its customer (buyer), opens the letter of credit, and makes a commitment with the buyer to honour the credit on the presentation of the documents, conforming to the terms and conditions of the credit, by the beneficiary. Thus, the issuing bank replaces the banks customer as the payee. Elements of a Letter of Credit A payment undertaking given by a bank (issuing bank) On behalf of a buyer (applicant) To pay a seller (beneficiary) for a given amount of money On presentation of specified documents representing the supply of goods Within specified time limits Documents must conform to terms and conditions set out in the letter of credit Documents to be presented at a specified place Beneficiary Beneficiary is normally the provider of the goods or services and is entitled to payment as long as he can provide the conforming documents required by the letter of credit. The letter of credit is a distinct and separate transaction from the underlying contract (contract between seller and buyer). All parties deal in documents and not in goods. The issuing bank is not liable for performance of the underlying contract between the buyer and seller. The issuing banks obligation to the buyer-applicant is to examine all documents to insure that they are in compliance with the terms and conditions of the credit. To get the payment it is for the beneficiary to provide all the required documents. If the seller-beneficiary conforms to the letter of credit, the seller must be paid by the bank. Issuing Bank The issuing banks duty to pay and to be reimbursed from its customer becomes absolute upon the completion of the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. Under the provisions of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, the bank is entitled to have a reasonable time after receipt of the documents to honour the draft. The issuing banks duty is to provide a guarantee to the seller that if complying documents are presented by the seller, then the bank will make the payment to the seller, and will only pay if these documents comply with the terms and conditions set out in the letter of credit. Typically the documents requested include a commercial invoice, bill of lading or airway bill and an insurance document; but there are many others. Letters of credit only concerns with the documents, not with the goods. Advising Bank An advising bank is usually a foreign correspondent bank of the issuing bank which advises the seller-beneficiary. Generally, the beneficiary wants to use a local bank to insure that the letter of credit is valid. In addition, the advising bank is responsible for sending the documents to the issuing bank. The advising bank has no other obligation under the letter of credit. Therefore, if the issuing bank does not pay the beneficiary, the advising bank is not obligated to pay. Confirming Bank At the request of the issuing bank, the correspondent bank may confirm the letter of credit for the seller-beneficiary and obligates itself to insure payment under the letter of credit. The confirming bank is usually the advising bank. There are two main types of Letters of credit: (1) Revocable (2) Irrevocable Revocable Letter of Credit Revocable letter of credit is not a commonly used type of the letters of credit. This type of letter of credit can be revoked by the issuing bank at any time, without notification to the beneficiary, for any reason. Such type of letter of credit can not be confirmed by the correspondent bank and the bank will act as an advising bank only. A revocable letter of credit can not be revoked after the presentation of the documents, if the documents are conforming to the terms and conditions of the letter of credit and the payment has been made. Irrevocable Letter of Credit Use of irrevocable letters of credit is very common in international trade. Irrevocable letter of credit can not be revoked or changed without the consent of the beneficiary. Issuing bank will make the payment to the seller, if the seller presents the documents complying with the terms of the credit, as agreed between seller and buyer. Such a letter of credit can only be changed with the permission of both buyer and seller. If it is not clear from the letter of credit that whether it is revocable or irrevocable, it automatically considers as irrevocable. Irrevocable letters of credit are of two kinds: Unconfirmed credit In case of unconfirmed letter of credit, advising bank does not confirm the credit to the seller and the issuing bank is the only party responsible for payment to the beneficiary. Advising bank will only pay to the seller after getting payment from the issuing bank and there is no risk for the advising bank. Confirmed credit In this type of credit, advising bank confirms credit to the seller. When the advising bank confirms that the documents presented are conforming to the terms of the credit, it will make the payment to the seller, and after that advising bank will contact with the issuing bank to get the payment. This type of letter of credit is commonly used, when the seller is unfamiliar with the issuing bank. Such a type of letter of credit is quite expensive because the banks have some liability. Step-by-step process In international trade as the buyer and seller are in different countries so when the buyer and the seller of the goods agree to conduct business, than because of the gap of time between delivery of goods and the payment, usually the seller wants a letter of credit as a guarantee of payment from the buyer. Than the buyer makes a request to his bank called the issuing to open a credit in the favour of the seller. at the request of the buyer, issuing bank issues a letter of credit in favour of the seller and forwards it to the corresponding bank called the advising or conforming bank., which is usually located in the sellers country. Advising bank than either confirms the credit or not, depending upon the type of credit, and forward it to the seller. Seller than ships the goods and collects the documents required in order to meet the requirements of the letter of credit and finally to get the payment in time. Seller presents the required documents to the advising or confirming bank in order to get the payment in time. Advising or confirming bank examines the documents presented by the seller to check that whether they are conforming to the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. If the documents are in compliance, advising or confirming bank, in case of confirmed letter of credit, will make payment to the seller and will be reimbursed from the issuing bank and in case of unconfirmed letter of credit, advising or confirming bank will forward the documents to the issuing bank. Than the Issuing bank will, after examine of the documents, debit the buyers account if the documents are in compliance to the terms of the letter of credit. In the end, Issuing bank forwards the documents to the buyer. Most commonly used documents in a letter of credit transaction include: Commercial Invoice It includes a description of merchandise, price, FOB origin, and name and address of buyer and seller. The buyer and seller information must correspond exactly to the description in the letter of credit. Bill of Lading It is a document which shows the receipt of goods for shipment by a freight carrier. It is an evidence of the control of the goods and also acts as an evidence of the carriers obligation to transport the goods to their proper destination. Warranty of Title A warranty given by a seller to a buyer of goods that states that the title being conveyed is good. It is generally issued to the purchaser. Letter of Indemnity It is a letter specifically indemnifies the purchaser against a certain stated circumstance. Indemnification is generally used to guarantee that shipping documents will be provided in good order when available. Common Defects in the documents presented A discrepancy is some defect in the documents presented by the seller, which show their non-compliance with the terms of the letter of credit. Issuing bank can not change the terms and conditions of the letter of credit with out t he permission of the buyer. Therefore to avoid any delay in getting payment. Beneficiary should be careful in preparing the required documents. Common defects in the documents presented by the seller include: If the description of the goods is not consistent. There is some error in the insurance documents. If the draft amount is not equal to invoice amount. Loading and destination ports are not same as provided by the letter of credit. Merchandise description is not same as in the credit. If any of the documents required by the credit is not presented. Documents are generally inconsistent such as quality, etc. If the names of the documents required are not correct, as mentioned in the credit. Invoice is not signed as provided in the letter of credit. If prior to the presentation of the draft, Letter of Credit has expired. If the date mention in the bill of lading is different from the date stated in the credit. If there are some changes in the invoice which are not authorized by the letter of credit. In international sales, as the seller and the buyer are in different countries, there is a common problem of payment due to the difference of time between dispatch and delivery. Obviously, seller would like to receive payment for the goods when delivering them to the carrier and the buyer would prefer to delay the payment of the price until receipt of the goods. Therefore, a letter of credit solves this problem between the seller and the buyer. Generally, there are three separate transactions in a letter of credit transaction. The first is between a seller and a buyer, called an underlying transaction, by which the seller provides contracted goods to the buyer. The second transaction is between the buyer-applicant and the bank (issuer of the letter of credit), in which the bank issues a letter of credit to the seller-beneficiary. Finally, the letter of credit itself creates a relationship between the issuer and the beneficiary, in which, the issuer makes payment for goods upon the beneficiarys presentation of the required documents, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit as agreed between seller and buyer. The banks performance of payment is conditional on the delivery of conforming documents by the beneficiary. The banks are called issuers and are usually the applicants bank. Normally the issuing bank opens a letter of credit in its own name and requests its correspondent bank to notify the sel ler about the letter of credit. Sometimes, the issuing bank instructs the correspondent bank not only to notify the seller of the issuing banks undertaking but also to add a confirmation. In this case, the credit is known as a confirmed credit and the correspondent bank as a confirming bank. The payment obligation of the issuing bank depends upon the beneficiarys presentation of complying documents to the confirming bank or to any other nominated bank, in accordance with the terms and conditions of the credit. Under general practice, presenting â€Å"complying documents† means that they comply with the conditions of the credit â€Å"on their face†. From banking point of view, compliance â€Å"on their face† of the presented documents is sufficient. The â€Å"independence principle† (which will be discussed later) is the fundamental principle of the letter of credit system, which prohibits banks from looking beyond facial compliance of the documents, and t herefore exclude whether or not there is actual performance by the seller-beneficiary. In fact, letters of credit system has emphasised the independence principle to such an extent that banks are ignoring the performance of the underlying contract very confidently. As a result, all the risk is on the honest buyers, who are sometime paying for goods that they had not contracted for. Importance of the research The primary purpose of the letter of credit system is to facilitate international trade, rather than to provide an opportunity to the banks to make profit. As the fraud is very common in these days, but UCP is not designed to prevent fraud. The number of frauds relating to the letters of credit has increased over the years. Buyers are particularly vulnerable to such practices under the letter of credit system. This situation shows that there is some ambiguity in the letter of credit system and a lack of balance between the rights and duties of the parties to a letter of credit transaction, which is being exploited very easily by fraudsters. Division of risk under a Letter of Credit Transaction As we have discussed above, a letter of credit transaction consists of three linked but independent contracts. The first step is that the buyer makes a contract with the seller for the sale of goods, called the underlying contract. Subsequently the buyer signs an application form requesting the bank to open a credit, which is an arrangement between the buyer and the bank. The third step is that the issuing bank informs the seller, who is the beneficiary of the letter of credit, of the credit and promises to pay against the stipulated documents provided the terms and conditions of the credit are met. The letter of credit allocates risk between the applicant and the beneficiary. By postulating a letter of credit, the beneficiary may greatly reduce the risk of not being paid and ultimately allowing the beneficiary of the letter to reallocate the risk of non-payment for delivered goods which do not conform to the underlying sale contract. Generally, banks are reluctant to dishonour a credit, since to do so may damage the banks reputation as a credit issuer. The cost of honour, however, falls on the honest applicant, not the bank. â€Å"If the beneficiary has breached the underlying transaction, payment under the credit to him will occasion loss, but that loss will not be the banks; it will be the applicants.† Increase in the applicants risk and decrease in the banks risk under UCP UCP is the governing law of the letters of credit, therefore there should be a balance regarding the rights and duties of the parties, but UCP contains rules that reduce bank risk. There is no provision asking for judicial intervention to compensate letter of credit parties in case of banks negligence. The provisions in favour of banks fall into two categories. The first provides sweeping immunity from liabilities that national legal systems may impose. Example of such a disclaimer is Article 15. Under Article 15, banks assume no liability for the genuineness, falsification or legal effect of any documents and therefore the issuer is immune from the liability for paying against forged documents, which on their face appear regular. Therefore, the payment by the issuing bank does not show that the buyer has received the goods, which he had contracted for. The security, which the beneficiary is getting under the letter of credit system is not the same with the security of the buyer. The second category of pro-bank provisions contains rules that set precise boundaries on what the banks must do, which reduces uncertainty about bank responsibility and provides clear guidance to bank employees. For example, the customer cannot stipulate non-documentary conditions of payment, and time limits on examination of documents are fixed rather than open-ended. In case of any loss, the buyer, which is the applicant for a credit, can take action against the seller for breach of contract or fraud, but has no right of action against the bank for banks negligence in examining the documents, which can be ineffectual for several reasons, such as insolvency of either the applicant or the beneficiary. Hence the burden of risk on the applicant is more than any party in a letter of credit transaction and in most of the cases, buyers are paying for the goods Chapter 2 UCP and letters of credit Originally UCP has been drafted by the Banking Commission of the ICC, which was comprised of the representatives of the banking community, which shows the dominance of the banks and banking experts. Their dominance in UCP drafting hints that in drafting UCP. ICC was acting as a private legislature. It looks that the rules contain in the UCP are much beneficial for the banks than any other party, and giving a limited chance to the judiciaries to interfere to protect customers from any careless behaviour of the banks. The authority to interpret the UCP rests in the ICCs Commission on Banking Technique and Practice, which can apply these interpretations to solve the problems arising in any case. Because of wide publicity and distribution of commissions answers, their interpretation can be considered as an official interpretation of the UCP. Commission can enhance, interpreting, and sometimes amend the provisions of the UCP. The banks which deal with the letters of credit, act upon these interpretations and any amendments. As in theory, commission is only answerable to ICC members, therefore the chances of any challenge to such interpretation is very low. Role of courts in a letter of credit transaction In Discount Records Ltd. v. Barclay Bank Ltd., the judge was reluctant to â€Å"interfere with bankers irrevocable credit and not least in the sphere of international banking†. The position is same in many other cases. The apparent reason for the reluctance of the judges to interfere looks that they are afraid from the threats of the banking experts that their decisions would have an unfavourable affect on international trade. The difficulties of the courts to balance the rights and duties of all parties to a letter of credit transaction have increased. In Mannesman Handel AG v. Kaunlaran Shipping Corporation, the Swiss bank argued that the bank was in rejecting the documents by the German company relying on the independence principle and the discrepancies appeared on the documents. The court was asked not to apply the good faith principle otherwise the court â€Å"would be calculated to undermine if not destroy the doctrine of strict compliance and to blur if not extinguish the distinction between transactions concerning goods and transactions concerning documents.† Normally the judicial decisions relating to the legal aspects of documentary credits base on either the express intentions of the parties or established business practice at the time, the parties entered in a contractual relationship. In cases where the UCP provisions are different from business practice, a court will apply the UCP if the UCP is incorporated in the contract of the parties. It shows that courts have assented to the entire documentary credit system being run by the banking industry and eventually abstaining the courts to intervene to balance the legal rights and duties amongst all the parties. Should the UCP have the status of law? Leading scholar Professor Ross Buckley says: â€Å"originally, the UCP was neither designed nor intended to be law. It was prepared as a set of standard terms to be incorporated by reference into letters of credit by those parties who chose to do so.† This has also been confirmed by the UCP in the preface of UCP 500, which states that the UCP is not legislation but a compilation of rules made by bankers for their own industry. Therefore there is a dispute as to whether the UCP is a code of the law, or just customary practices, or some mutually consented regulations relating to letters of credit. However in fact, UCP is the governing law of the letters of credit. Banks risk under UCP (exemption clauses) Article 15 and 18 (b) of the UCP 500, limits the liability of the banks in a letter of credit transaction and which have almost made it a risk free transaction for the banks. Article 15 says: â€Å"Banks assume no liability to or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accuracy, genuineness, falsification or legal effect of any document(s) or for the general and/or particular conditions stipulated in the document(s) or superimposed thereon, nor do they assume any liability or responsibility for the description, quantity, weight, quality, condition, packing, delivery, value or existence of the goods represented by any document(s) or for the good-faith or acts and/or omissions, solvency, performance or standing of the consignors, the carriers, the forwarders, the consignee or the insurers of the goods or any other person whomsoever.† Article 18(b) further states: â€Å"Banks assume no liability or responsibility should the instructions they submit not be carried out, even if they have themselves taken the initiative in the choice of such other bank(s).† The UCP 500 places the applicant-buyer in an absurdly vulnerable position through its disclaimer clauses. To some extent there is a lack of duties on the part of the bank to verify the authenticity of the documents. Hence it might not be wrong to say that albeit there is a waste increase in the use of letters of credit, does not signify that the UCP is fairly drafted. Letters of credit and its users It is also very important that whether all the parties to the letter of credit, particularly applicant-buyer are conscious about the presence of these exemptions, e.g. by providing a copy of these exemption clauses of the UCP or by giving a notice of these exemption clauses. It is a rule that to enforce an exemption clause, a reasonable notice should be given to the other party but in practice, buyers are assume to have the notice of the UCP and that they are familiar with the provisions of the UCP. Further, the application for the issuance of a letter of credit and the letter of credit document itself only contain a simple sentence: â€Å"Subject to UCP for Documentary Credits†, without any attachment of the provisions of the UCP or any notice of such exemption clauses. Hence it is debatable that why the courts do not look, while dealing with the cases relating to the letters of credit, that whether a reasonable notice has been given relating to the exemption clauses and do n ot interfere to balance the rights and duties of the parties to a letter of credit transaction? Chapter 3 Doctrine of strict compliance and independence principle It is a basic rule of the letter of the credit transaction and which is widely recognised that the letters of credit are transactions independent of the underlying contracts on which they are based. According to this principle, the issuer has no concern with the underlying contracts between buyer and seller. Its concern is with documents only, rather than the goods or any type of services. Obviously there are some doubts about this principle, i.e. to what extent this principle should be applied. Which some tome may cause injustice to the applicant under certain circumstances. Independence Principle Generally, letter of credit is a contract between the issuer and the seller of the goods, which is independent of the underlying contract between the seller and the buyer. The independence principle is mentioned in Article 3 and Article 4 of the UCP. Article 3 states: â€Å"Credits, by their nature, are separated transactions from the sales or other contract(s), even if any reference whatsoever to such contract(s) is included in the Credit.† Article 4 further says: â€Å"In credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents and not with goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate.† From the very beginning independence principle governs letter of credit transactions and very clearly states that the credits are completely separate from their underlying transactions and the issuer makes payment depending on the conformity of the documents presented according to the terms and conditions of the credit without considering the performance of the underlying contract by the beneficiary. Under this principle, bank is only under a duty to accept the conforming documents and should not get involved in the performance of the contract between seller and buyer. Further it has no concern about any debt obligations and other claims between the seller and the buyer. May commentators accept that for the workability of the letter of credit system, the strictest observance of this principle is indispensable. In this chapter we will discuss that how the banks deal with documents and about relationship between bank and other parties in a letter of credit transaction. As Lord Justice Jenkins stated in Malas (Hamzeh) Sons v British Imex Industries Ltd: â€Å"It seems to me plain that the opening of a confirmed letter of credit constitutes a bargain between the banker and the vendor of the goods, which imposes upon the banker an absolute obligation to pay, irrespective of any dispute there may be between the parties on the question whether the goods are up to contract or not.†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The issuing bank does not have any concern with the shipping of the goods or whether the goods are conforming or not whether the documents actually represent those goods which the buyer contracted for. This is because of the reason that the obligations of the banks in a letter of credit transaction are very limited. In this situation it is also debateable that whether under a letter of credit transaction, it would be fair to say that banks are not allowed to look beyond the presenting documents, while making payments? Status of applicant under UCP Article 1 of the UCP explains that the UCP binds all parties to the letter of credit unless otherwise provided but it is quite as who such parties are. Therefore the status of the applicant is doubtful, even it is not clear as to whether an applicant is a party to the UCP or not, and this is also to some extent obvious due to the absence of any provision in the UCP stating about the duties owed by the issuing bank toward the applicant. However courts have indicated on occasions that the contract between the bank and the applicant is similar to a contract of agency. Doctrine of strict compliance (a) Duty to pay only for conforming documents In a letter of credit transaction a bank is only bound to make payment if the beneficiary delivers the required documents. Simultaneously buyer knows that the amount will be released only if the documents are conforming according to the terms and conditions of the letter of credit. It is very much clear that the documents play a very important role in the letter of credit transaction. Their importance is so clear that without their presentation and conformity, the performance of the letter of credit transaction is impossible. Article 13(a) of the UCP provides: â€Å"Banks must examine all documents stipulated in the Credit with reasonable care to ascertain whether or not they appear, on their face, to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit. Compliance of the stipulated documents on their face with the terms and conditions of the Credit shall be determined by international standard banking practice as reflected in these Articles. Documents which appear on their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit.† (b) Standard of â€Å"reasonable care† Under this heading we will discuss that whether there is a any standard of reasonable care under the UCP or not and if there is a standard, toward whom, and in case of failure to exercise such care, what would be the consequences. Sub-Article 13(a) of the UCP, provides that the banks duty is to examine the documents required by the applicant with â€Å"reasonable care† to ensure that such documents are complying with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit â€Å"on their face†. To some extent, sub- Article 13(a) is ambiguous about its meaning. It is not clear that what exact standard should be exercised. UCP and even whole letter of credit system is quite about the standard of the duty of care imposed on the banks, towards whom bank should exercise such a duty of care, and what would be the consequences in case if the bank fails in exercising such a duty of care. Probably there is no answer to this question because of the fact that the rights of the applicant are not discussed under UCP. Validity of documents Article 15 of the UCP protects the banks by stating that â€Å"banks assume no liability or responsibility for the form, sufficiency, accuracy, genuineness, falsification or legal effect of any documents†. Banks are authorised to make payment without having any concern whether the documents presented by the beneficiary actually represent goods, for which the applicant contracted for. As explained above that the letter of credit is a written undertaking by the bank to make payment only if the beneficiary presents original and genuine documents as agreed by the parties. Similarly buyer also knows very well that the amount will be paid only upon the delivery of the conforming documents according to the terms and conditions of the credit. Hence the documents play a key role in the performance of the letter of credit transaction. Conformity is the only condition for the payment of the amount. In practice, a bank very often takes security for the payment it makes under the letter of credit transaction. Such a security is provided by the documents of title f