Best Practices and the SDLC

It has long been accepted that constant change is fundamental to IT. While most IT managers understand that change is part of the norm, the organizations that employ them often resist it. Successful IT development calls for having a clear blueprint for proper IT direction of an organization. By using a System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) model and sound best practice methods, an IT manager can define that blueprint and make the best possible IT decisions. According to http://www. bigpedia. comthe SDLC relates to models or methodologies that people use to develop systems, generally computer systems.A number of SDLC models have been created: waterfall, fountain, spiral, build and fix, and rapid prototyping. There is not a definitive correct model, but most models will include the following steps or at least a variation. The first step is the projects planning stage, in this stage the project manager (PM) decides which SDLC model to use. The PM will also survey and gather information i n regards to the current team’s skill and experience, any concerns or issues perceived by upper management, such as cost, and a process for following up the work agreement. The next step is the analysis of the system.During the system analysis the PM breaks down the entire project in to small pieces and assigns each department their applicable tasks. This step is where the plan is finalized and the PM begins to move onto the systems design. Understanding the systems design is essential to developing the system. At this step, each department head devises a plan on how their section can help develop the system. In the third step, the architectural design, these individual plans are spliced together to form the completed plan. Also during this step the work of building the system takes place.The PM’s focus shifts from planning the project to managing the development of the project. During the next step, the testing of the system takes place. This will ensure that all the bugs and flaws are removed before the deployment of the system. During the deployment step the system is used for its intended purpose. As with all systems the final step, is the maintenance of the system, which last for as long as the system is used. During this step, routine maintenance is performed to include updates. Either during or after the development of a system, certain methods or techniques are discovered to be better than other nes. In the IT industry, these ideas are sometimes called best practices. In a book titled â€Å"Electronic Government† by Jack Rabin best practices are described as an idea that suggests that there is a technique, method, or process that is more effective at delivering a desired outcome. The idea is that with proper processes, procedures, and testing, a desired outcome can be delivered with fewer problems. Best practices can also be defined as the most proficient and effective way of accomplishing a task, based on principles used repeatedl y by numerous people.Best practices are a way for a company to create standardization within their operating procedures. A great example of a best practice was displayed by Sprint recently. In August of 2008, Sprint created a guide to the infrastructure management layer to automate and speed the production of resources from within their data centers. By creating this guide, they were able to quickly manage, back up, and produce their data sets associated with each test environment build. As a result, Sprint has improved customer satisfaction, reducing the time it takes to fill requests.Another example of a best practice was in 2004 the Air Force decided that it need it network administrators (admins) to pass quality checks before allowing them to operate on Air Force domains. Each Air Force base decided to test their network admins differently. This created a lot of confusion and large amounts of money for each Air Force base because they acted independently. Therefore, the Air Forc e decided to open a best practice suggestion program, which allowed each Air Force base to submit their procedures for quality checking their network admins.Less than six months after the process started, the best practice tag was awarded to Eglin Air Force Base in Fort Walton Beach, Fl. They were allowed to implement their procedures Air Force wide. In the end, Eglin saved the Air Force six million dollars with its best practice procedures. As the term best practice has become more popular, some organizations have begun using best practices to refer to what are in fact rules, causing creativity to hamper. This will never be the case with Google.Google believes that giving their employees freedom to move about the company without middle management following them around has actually prompted creativity. In a interview with CBS News Sunday Morning, Google CEO Sergey Brin explained that Google provides free gourmet breakfast, lunch and dinner—all prepared by gourmet chefs. They get free medical care, daycare, and there is even a massage chair in the lobby. All of these benefits spur creativity, which has made Google one of the World Wide Web pioneers.Google does not use best practice because they are too rigid and do not allow employees to â€Å"think outside the box†. Some best practices are needed though. This was the case with Microsoft and Netscape. They used a synchronize and stabilize method created by David Yoffie and Michael Cusumano to orchestrate a massive overseeing and managing of source code. This method allowed the two corporations to work efficiently in a parallel. During their research, they found that both companies were doing very similar tasks nightly.By creating a best practice model both companies could use they reduced production time by 15 %. Best practices along with the SDLC can help lay a great foundation for IT development. There are no set rules or guidelines for IT development. However, there is a certain structure that most successful IT projects have in common. The first step to planning a good IT project is the project selection. During this process the PM must analyze if there is a need for the system. Does someone already have a system similar that the team could use or buy?After this step if the justification for the system is still necessary, then the team must move onto the next step, which is the planning of project controls. According to the paper Indentifying Best Practices in Information Technology Project Management, project controls are defined as an estimate, estimating, and budgeting. The estimate considers how many resources are needed to accomplish this project, the act of estimating is combining the results of post project reviews, metrics, consultation, and informed assessment to arrive at time and resource requirements for an activity, and budgeting is the total cost of the project.Following this evaluation, you should assemble the team. It is important to compile a team that w ill be effective to the specific project. The team must understand the project goals and expectations. The next step is accessing the stakeholder’s involvement in the project. The stakeholder can be anyone from the management of the company to an actual customer. Some stakeholders will want as much control as the PM while other, will be hands off allowing the PM to make all the decisions.These guidelines are not all inclusive but they are a start to developing a successful IT project. Designing a good IT development project takes time and an excellent PM. There are many good models to follow, like the Arkansas best practices model. These models give a small or unorganized company the structure it needs to develop a good plan. If you follows these models along with a good SDLC you will be well on your way to creating a solid project. These two models can lay the foundation you need for a successful blueprint.

Shadow Kiss Chapter 13

Thirteen WHEN WE GOT BACK to our rooms, I made up an excuse to Lissa about how I needed to go take care of some guardian stuff. She was eager to patch up the earlier conflict with Christian – probably in the form of clothing removal – and didn't ask any questions. There was a phone in my room, and after calling an operator, I was able to find out which room was Dimitri's. He was surprised to see me at his door – and a little wary. The last time this had happened, I'd been under the influence of Victor's lust charm and had behaved †¦ aggressively. â€Å"I have to talk to you,† I said. He let me come in, and I immediately handed over the note. â€Å"V. D – â€Å" â€Å"Yeah, I know,† said Dimitri. He handed the note back. â€Å"Victor Dashkov.† â€Å"What are we going to do? I mean, we talked about this, but now he really is saying he's going to sell us out.† Dimitri didn't answer, and I could tell he was assessing every angle of this, just like he would a fight. Finally, he pulled out his cell phone, which was a lot cooler than having to rely on the room's phone. â€Å"Give me a moment.† I started to sit on his bed, decided that was dangerous, and instead sat on the couch. I didn't know who he was calling, but the conversation took place in Russian. â€Å"What's going on?† I asked when he finished. â€Å"I'll let you know soon. For now, we have to wait.† â€Å"Great. My favorite thing to do.† He dragged an armchair up and sat opposite me. It seemed too small for someone as tall as him, but, as always, he managed to make it work and appear graceful in the process. Beside me was one of the Western novels he always carried around. I picked it up, again thinking about how alone he was. Even now, at the Court, he'd chosen to stay in his room. â€Å"Why do you read these?† â€Å"Some people read books for fun,† he observed. â€Å"Hey, watch the dig. And I do read books. I read them to solve mysteries that threaten my best friend's life and sanity. I don't think reading this cowboy stuff is really saving the world like I do.† He took it from me and flipped it over, face thoughtful and not as intense as usual. â€Å"Like any book, it's an escape. And there's something †¦ mmm. I don't know. Something appealing about the Old West. No rules. Everyone just lives by their own code. You don't have to be tied down by others' ideas of right and wrong in order to bring justice.† â€Å"Wait,† I laughed. â€Å"I thought I was the one who wanted to break rules.† â€Å"I didn't say I wanted to. Just that I can see the appeal.† â€Å"You can't fool me, comrade. You want to put on a cowboy hat and keep lawless bank robbers in line.† â€Å"No time. I have enough trouble keeping you in line.† I grinned, and suddenly, it was a lot like when we cleaned the church – before the fight, at least. Easy. Comfortable. In fact, it was a lot like the old days when we'd first begun training together, way back before everything had gotten so complicated. Well, okay†¦things had always been complicated, but for a while, they'd been less complicated. It made me sad. I wished we could relive those early days. There'd been no Victor Dashkov, no blood on my hands. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Dimitri said all of a sudden. â€Å"For what? Reading cheesy novels?† â€Å"For not being able to get you here. I feel like I let you down.† I glimpsed a shadow of worry on his face, like he was concerned he might have caused some irreparable damage. The apology totally caught me off guard. For a moment, I wondered if he was jealous of Adrian's influence in the same way Christian had been. Then I realized it was completely different. I'd been giving Dimitri a hard time because I'd been convinced he could do anything. Somewhere – deep inside – he felt the same, at least where I was concerned. He didn't want to deny me anything. My earlier bad mood had long since vanished, and I suddenly just felt drained. And stupid. â€Å"You didn't,† I told him. â€Å"I acted like a total brat. You've never let me down before. You didn't let me down with this.† The grateful look he gave me made me feel as if I had wings. If another moment had passed, I suspected he would have said something so sweet that I would have flown away. Instead, his phone rang. Another conversation in Russian took place, and then he stood up. â€Å"All right, let's go.† â€Å"Where?† â€Å"To see Victor Dashkov.† It turned out that Dimitri had a friend who had a friend, and somehow, despite the best security in the Moroi world, we managed to get into the Court's prison facilities. â€Å"Why are we doing this?† I whispered as we walked down the hall toward Victor's cell. I'd really, really hoped for stone walls and torches, but the place looked very modern and efficient, with marble floors and stark white walls. At least there were no windows. â€Å"You think we can talk him out of it?† Dimitri shook his head. â€Å"If Victor wanted to take revenge on us, he'd just do it without any warning. He doesn't do things without a reason. The fact that he told you first means he wants something, and now we're going to find out what it is.† We reached Victor's cell. He was the only prisoner currently being held. Like the rest of the facility, his room reminded me of something you'd find at a hospital. Everything was clean, bright, and sterile – and very bare. It was a place without any sort of stimulus or distraction whatsoever, which would have driven me crazy in one hour. The cell had silvery bars that looked very hard to break, which was the most important part. Victor sat in a chair, idly examining his nails. It had been three months since our last meeting, and seeing him again made my skin crawl. Feelings I hadn't known were buried in me suddenly burst to the surface. One of the hardest things of all was seeing him look so healthy and young. He'd bought that health by torturing Lissa, and I hated him for it. If his disease had run its normal course, he might be dead by now. He had receding black hair, with only the slightest touch of silver. He was in his forties and had a regal, almost handsome cut to his face. He glanced up at our approach. Eyes the same pale jade as Lissa's met mine. The Dragomir and Dashkov families had a lot of intertwined history, and it was creepy seeing that eye color in someone else. A smile lit his face. â€Å"Oh my. This is a treat. Lovely Rosemarie, practically an adult now.† His eyes flicked toward Dimitri. â€Å"Of course, some have been treating you that way for quite a while.† I pressed my face to the bars. â€Å"Stop screwing with us, you son of a bitch. What do you want?† Dimitri put a gentle hand on my shoulder and pulled me back. â€Å"Easy, Rose.† I took a deep breath and then slowly stepped backward. Victor straightened up in his chair and laughed. â€Å"After all this time, your cub still hasn't learned any control. But then, maybe you never really wanted her to.† â€Å"We aren't here to banter,† said Dimitri calmly. â€Å"You wanted to lure Rose over, and now we need to know why.† â€Å"Does there have to be some sinister reason? I just wanted to know how she was doing, and something tells me we aren't going to have a chance for any friendly chats tomorrow.† That annoying smirk stayed on his face, and I decided then that he was lucky to be behind bars and out of my reach. â€Å"We're not going to have a friendly chat now,† I growled. â€Å"You think I'm joking, but I'm not. I really do want to know how you're doing. You've always been a fascinating subject to me, Rosemarie. The only shadow-kissed person we know of. I told you before, that isn't the kind of thing you walk away from unscathed. There's no way you can quietly sink into the regimented routine of academic life. People like you aren't meant to blend in.† â€Å"I'm not some kind of science experiment.† He acted like I hadn't said anything. â€Å"What's it been like? What have you noticed?† â€Å"There's no time for this. If you don't get to the point,† warned Dimitri, â€Å"we're going to leave.† I didn't understand how Dimitri could sound so calm. I leaned forward and gave Victor my coldest smile. â€Å"There's no way they'll let you off tomorrow. I hope you enjoy prison. I bet it'll be great once you get sick again – and you will, you know.† Victor regarded me levelly, still with that amused look that made me want to choke him. â€Å"All things die, Rose. Well, except for you, I suppose. Or maybe you are dead. I don't know. Those who visit the world of the dead can probably never fully shake their connection to it.† There was a snarky retort on my lips, but something held me back. Those who visit the world of the dead. What if my Mason sightings weren't because I was crazy or because he was seeking revenge? What if there was something about me – something that had happened when I'd died and come back – that was now connecting me to Mason? It was Victor who had first explained what it meant to be shadow-kissed. I wondered now if he had any of the answers I'd been looking for. My face must have given away something, because Victor gave me a speculative look. â€Å"Yes? There's something you'd like to say?† I hated to ask him for anything. It made my stomach turn. Swallowing my pride, I asked, â€Å"What is the world of the dead? Is it heaven or hell?† â€Å"Neither,† he said. â€Å"What lives there?† I exclaimed. â€Å"Ghosts? Will I go back? Do things come out of it?† Victor was taking great pleasure in me having to come to him for information, just as I'd feared he would. I saw that smirk intensify. â€Å"Well, clearly some things come out of it, because here you stand before us.† â€Å"He's baiting you,† said Dimitri. â€Å"Let it go.† Victor gave Dimitri a brief glare. â€Å"I'm helping her.† He turned back to me. â€Å"Honestly? I don't know that much about it. You're the one who has been there, Rose. Not me. Not yet. Someday, you'll probably be the one educating me. I'm sure the more you deal death out, the closer you'll become to it.† â€Å"Enough,† said Dimitri, voice harsh. â€Å"We're going.† â€Å"Wait, wait,† said Victor, voice congenial. â€Å"You haven't told me about Vasilisa yet.† I moved forward again. â€Å"Stay away from her. She doesn't have anything to do with this.† Victor gave me a dry look. â€Å"Seeing as I'm locked away here, I have no choice but to stay away from her, my dear. And you're wrong – Vasilisa has everything to do with everything.† â€Å"That's it,† I said, suddenly getting it. â€Å"That's why you sent the note. You wanted me here because you wanted to know about her, and you knew there was no way she'd come talk to you herself. You had nothing to blackmail her with.† â€Å"Blackmail's an ugly word.† â€Å"There's no way you're going to see her – at least outside of the courtroom. She's never going to heal you. I told you: You're going to get sick again, and you're going to die. You're going to be the one sending me postcards from the other side.† â€Å"You think that's what this is about? You think my needs are that petty?† The mockery was gone, replaced by a feverish and almost fanatical look in his green eyes. The tight set of his mouth stretched the skin of his face a little, and I noticed he'd lost weight since our last encounter. Maybe prison had been harder on him than I'd thought. â€Å"You've forgotten everything, why I did what I did. You've been so caught up in your own shortsightedness that you missed the big picture I was looking at.† I racked my brain, thinking back to that time last fall. He was right. My focus had been on the wrongs he'd committed against Lissa and me personally. I'd forgotten other conversations, his insane explanations of his grand scheme. â€Å"You wanted to stage a revolution – still want to. That's crazy. It's not going to happen,† I said. â€Å"It's already happening. Do you think I don't know what's going on out in the world? I still have contacts. People can be bought off – how do you think I was able to send you that message? I know about the unrest – I know about Natasha Ozera's movement to get Moroi to fight with guardians. You stand by her and vilify me, Rosemarie, but I pushed for the very same thing last fall. Yet, somehow, you don't seem to regard her in the same way.† â€Å"Tasha Ozera is working on her cause a bit differently than you did,† noted Dimitri. â€Å"And that's why she's getting nowhere,† Victor retorted. â€Å"Tatiana and her council are being held back by centuries of archaic traditions. So long as that sort of power rules us, nothing will change. We will never learn to fight. Non-royal Moroi will never have a voice. Dhampirs like you will continually be sent out to battle.† â€Å"It's what we dedicate our lives to,† said Dimitri. I could sense the tension building in him. He might show better self-control than me, but I knew he was getting just as frustrated here. â€Å"And it's what you lose your lives for. You're all but enslaved and don't even realize it. And for what? Why do you protect us?† â€Å"Because †¦ we need you,† I faltered. â€Å"For our race to survive.† â€Å"You don't need to throw yourselves into battle for that. Making children isn't really that difficult.† I ignored his quip. â€Å"And because the Moroi†¦ the Moroi and their magic are important. They can do amazing things.† Victor threw his hands up in exasperation. â€Å"We used to do amazing things. Humans used to revere us as gods, but over time, we grew lazy. The advent of technology made our magic more and more obsolete. Now, all we do is parlor tricks.† â€Å"If you have so many ideas,† said Dimitri, with a dangerous glint in his dark eyes, â€Å"then do something useful in prison and write a manifesto.† â€Å"And what's this have to do with Lissa anyway?† I asked. â€Å"Because Vasilisa is a vehicle for change.† I stared incredulously. â€Å"You think she's going to lead your revolution?† â€Å"Well, I'd prefer that I lead it – someday. But, regardless, I think that she's going to be part of it. I've heard about her too. She's a rising star – still young, certainly, but people are taking notice. All royals aren't created equal, you know. The Dragomir symbol is a dragon, the king of the beasts. Likewise, the Dragomir blood has always been powerful – that's why the Strigoi have targeted them so consistently. A Dragomir returning to power is no small thing – particularly one such as her. My impression from the reports is that she must have mastered her magic. If that's so – with her gifts – there's no telling what she could do. People are drawn to her with almost no effort on her part. And when she actually tries to influence them†¦well, they'll do anything she wants.† His eyes were wide as he spoke, wonder and happiness on his face as he imagined Lissa living out his dreams. â€Å"Unbelievable,† I said. â€Å"First you wanted to hide her away to keep you alive. Now you actually want her out in the world to use her compulsion for your own psycho plans.† â€Å"I told you, she's a force for change. And like you being shadow-kissed, she's the only one of her kind that we know about. That makes her dangerous – and very valuable.† Well, that was something. Victor wasn't all-knowing after all. He didn't know about Adrian's spirit use. â€Å"Lissa will never do it,† I said. â€Å"She's not going to abuse her powers.† â€Å"And Victor's not going to say anything about us,† said Dimitri, tugging my arm. â€Å"He's achieved his goal. He brought you here because he wanted to know about Lissa.† â€Å"He didn't find out much,† I said. â€Å"You'd be surprised,† said Victor. He grinned at Dimitri. â€Å"And what makes you so certain I won't enlighten the world about your romantic indiscretions?† â€Å"Because it won't save you from prison. And if you ruin Rose, you'll destroy whatever weak chance you had of Lissa helping you with your warped fantasy.† Victor flinched just a little; Dimitri was right. Dimitri stepped forward, pressing close to the bars as I had earlier. I'd thought I had a scary voice, but when he spoke his next words, I realized I wasn't even close. â€Å"And it'll all be pointless anyway, because you won't stay alive long enough in prison to stage your grand plans. You aren't the only one with connections.† My breath caught a little. Dimitri brought so many things to my life: love, comfort, and instruction. I got so used to him sometimes that I forgot just how dangerous he could be. As he stood there, tall and threatening while he glared down at Victor, I felt a chill run down my spine. I remembered how when I had first come to the Academy, people had said Dimitri was a god. In this moment, he looked it. If Victor was frightened by Dimitri's threat, he didn't show it. His jade green eyes glanced between the two of us. â€Å"You two are a match made in heaven. Or somewhere.† â€Å"See you in court,† I said. Dimitri and I left. On our way out, he said a few words in Russian to the guardian on duty. From their manners, my guess was Dimitri was offering thanks. We ventured outdoors, walking across a wide, beautiful parklike space to get back to our rooms. The sleet had stopped, and it had left everything – buildings and trees alike – coated in ice. It was like the world was made of glass. Glancing at Dimitri, I saw him staring straight ahead. It was hard to tell while walking, but I could have sworn he was shaking. â€Å"Are you okay?† I asked. â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"You sure?† â€Å"As okay as I can be.† â€Å"Do you think he'll tell everyone about us?† â€Å"No.† We walked in silence for a bit. I finally asked the question I'd been dying to know. â€Å"Did you mean it†¦ that if Victor did tell†¦that you'd†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I couldn't finish. I couldn't bring myself to say the words have him killed. â€Å"I don't have much influence in the upper levels of Moroi royalty, but I have plenty among the guardians who handle the dirty work in our world.† â€Å"You didn't answer the question. If you'd really do it.† â€Å"I'd do a lot of things to protect you, Roza.† My heart pounded. He only used â€Å"Roza† when he was feeling particularly affectionate toward me. â€Å"It wouldn't exactly be protecting me. It'd be after the fact – cold-blooded. You don't do that kind of thing,† I told him. â€Å"Revenge is more my thing. I'll have to kill him.† I meant it as a joke, but he didn't think it was funny. â€Å"Don't talk like that. And anyway, it doesn't matter. Victor's not going to say anything.† He left me to go to his own room when we got inside. As I was opening the door to mine, Lissa rounded the hall corner. â€Å"There you are. What happened? You missed dinner.† I'd completely forgotten. â€Å"Sorry †¦ got carried away with some guardian stuff. It's a long story.† She'd changed for dinner. Her hair was still pulled up, and she now wore a form-fitting dress made out of silver raw silk. She looked beautiful. She looked royal. I thought about Victor's words and wondered if she really could be the power for change he swore she was. Looking like she did now, so glamorous and self-composed, I could imagine people following her anywhere. I certainly would, but then, I was biased. â€Å"Why are you looking at me like that?† she asked with a small smile. I couldn't tell her that I'd just seen the man who frightened her the most. I couldn't tell her that while she'd been out living it up, I'd been off watching her back in the shadows, like I would always do. Instead, I returned her smile. â€Å"I like the dress.†

Arthur Miller increases the tension within the play Essay

In this piece of coursework I will be analysing the tragic play â€Å"A view from the bridge† specifically pages 35 to 42. I also will be discussing how the author Arthur Miller increases the tension within the play which continues to create an impact towards the later stages of the play. The play tells us a story of Eddie which has already happened. This is why Alfieri takes the role of two crucial characters in the play: a chorus and the role of a lawyer. When I say chorus I mean he doesn’t just tell us the story but reflects on the story as well as telling us what to feel and think of the tragedy, just like the ancient Greek chorus. I believe that the title â€Å"A view from the bridge† is a metaphor for the role Alfieri plays due to the reason that he is a Sicilian American lawyer who probably lives in a lat in Manhattan however he crosses the bridge to a poor estate called Brooklyn. This helps us understand Alfieri is a chorus that who is like eyes looking down from the bridge. When Alfieri says â€Å"I knew, I knew then and there I could have finished the whole story then and there† Alfieri using the technique of doubling shows that he is confident and tries to make the audience in awe of the play I also believe that miller created the character Alfieri as his voice to express his feelings and tell the audience what he Miller thinks through Alfieri because when Alfieri says â€Å"it wasn’t as though a mystery to un ravel. I could see every step coming† this shows that Alfieri knows what will happen next yet unlike Miller, Alfieri is powerless to help Eddie this is shown when Alfieri says â€Å"I sat here many afternoons asking myself why, being an intelligent man, I was so powerless to stop it†. The play uses a great deal of dramatic irony as a technique to keep us interested in the play due to the reason that we are privileged miller gives us insights into the play letting us the audience know what some of the characters are not aware of. For example, when Rudolpho says â€Å"lemons are green† trying to correct Eddie, Eddie replies â€Å"I know lemons are green for Christ’s sake† Eddie says this in a angry tone leaving Rudolpho to wonder why Eddie just snapped at him like that however the audience know that Eddie is boiling with rage at Rudolpho who is stealing the women he loves and Rudolpho is everything Eddie cannot be The audience is also aware of the strain Eddie who is simmering with rage feels as he cannot deals with his love for Catherine. Alfieri sums up these feelings when he says â€Å"we all love somebody, the wife, the kids – every mans got somebody they love, heh? But sometimes†¦ there’s too much†¦ and it goes where it mustn’t. † Eddie hates the fact that Catherine should have relationships with anyone except him. Eddie is jealous of Catherine and Rodolpho’s relationship because Catherine loves him and not Eddie: he doesn’t like the fact that his feelings are one way only Tension is built up by the lack of ability of characters to communicate. An example of this is when Beatrice says Eddie is not a proper husband: â€Å"your wife gettin’ the money alright, Marco? MARCO â€Å"oh, yes† this shows that Beatrice is indirectly asking to Eddie why he cannot be a proper husband and care for his wife like Marco does. However through what I have read and gathered. To my understanding Beatrice is very loyal, compassionate and patient towards Eddie as she knows about Eddies feelings towards Catharine. â€Å"well be an uncle then† when she says this Beatrice is trying to remind Eddie that he is only her uncle and nothing else. In addition to that she is also trying indicate that Eddie is being overprotective as if he is her boyfriend. Miller also builds up the suspense and tension at the end of act 1 by showing Marco’s true strength when he lifts a chair from one corner with one hand keeping it straight, â€Å"raised like a weapon†, above Eddie’s head. This leaves us with a sort of cliffhanger in which the end of act 1 has changed the course of the story and has added to the mystery of Marco and his relationship with Eddie. To wrap up I would say that Miller builds up the tension and suspense between 35 to 42 due to the reason that he is ending act 1 so he has to create suspense so that the audience come back for act two anticipating what will happen next. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Homelessness and Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Homelessness and Health Care - Essay Example The burden imposed by substance abuse and mental illness are well recorded in homeless people. In addition, chronic diseases are common as many homeless persons have peripheral vascular disease, diabetes, renal disease, hypertension, liver disease, and respiratory problems. Skin diseases are also not left out and are extraordinarily frequent leading to costly hospitalization due to cellulitis. Frostbites and hypothermia are feared life hazards in the streets and have been implied as risk factors for the premature demise. Other conditions, such as lice infestations, pellagra, and diphtheria may ultimately lead to endocarditis from the toxins produced by Bartonella Quintana (Badiaga et al., 2008). The persons caring for this cohort of individuals must marry medicine with aspects of public health since HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis are endemic, communicable diseases outbreaks such as influenza, violence and trauma are somewhat implied in homeless people and infestations common in shelter. C heung and Hwang (2004) investigated on elevated mortality rates in the United States, England, Denmark, and Canada. A peculiar and disturbing observation made was the apparent absence of notable inputs of health insurance on the predisposition of premature mortality. Incredibly, in the US, there remains 40 million plus citizens without a coverage of health insurance. The rest of the countries had had for a long time universal health insurance. Even with the necessity for a universal coverage, the initiative appears to fall short in preventing early deaths in the homeless population (Cheung & Hwang, 2004). Fundamental improvement in health care delivery is crucial to address the existing health care disparities for such population at risk. The health care of homeless families and individuals poses a distressing challenge to our traditional models of health care delivery. The undying urgency of striving daily for warm meals and safe shelter relegates health care to a less-immediate pr iority (Wright & Tompkins, 2006). Injuries fester and common illnesses progress resulting to increased cases of emergency unit visit and acute care hospitalization. Treatment plans that are sensible to those with family and home support are often inapplicable to difficult, impossible to have bed rest, he homeless people; simple changes of dressing, hard to secure medication and properly store them and adherence to therapy especially those that require multiple daily administrations is flattering.

Global Enterprise and Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Enterprise and Innovation - Assignment Example op employer in France and Europe and hence selecting Saint Gobain-India was an easy decision based on the excellent company record and long term vision of the company (Saint Gobain, 2014) With innovation at its core, Saint Gobain has made products such as its automotive glass, construction materials and performance plastics. The automotive glass range comprises of cutting edge products in automotive glazing, laminated wind shields and tempered glasses. It also has special features such as acoustic control and enhanced security. The performance plastics range is the world’s leading range of high performance polymer products which are used for construction and various other purposes (Saint Gobain, 2014). These products have been made keeping the current Indian market in mind. The construction industry in India has been growing at an average 9-11% year on year (EC Haris Research, 2011). This is due to a marked increase in manufacturing activities and industrial growth. Growth rates for the construction industry are expected to bypass the overall GDP growth over the next two years. The booming construction industry is the perfect market for the Saint Gobain construction materials (EC Haris Research, 2011). Same is the case with the automotive industry. In March 2012, production of auto motives grew at the rate of 6.83% (ACMA, 2013). The domestic sales of auto motive domestic sales great at 10.11% as compared to 2011 (SIAM, 2013). The automobile market is booming and Saint Gobain India made the right choice by specializing in these products so it can cater to the growing demand of these markets. As a company Saint Gobain has adapted to the Indian market and introduced products which are suitable for the growing industries and can cater to their need. The products are also high quality with innovative features (SIAM, 2013). The poster highlights the core feature of Saint Gobain which is Innovation. The innovation strategy of Saint Gobain has been shown and how

Islam Religion Field Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Islam Religion Field - Research Paper Example It is partially due to the very reality that faith in the Supreme Being is in the basic human instinct, which could not be denied or ignored altogether. â€Å"The critical difference between a religious and non-religious person is the acceptance of the transcendent, or otherworldliness, as the first reality. The transcendent provides a vehicle for meaning outside life itself and because, to the religious person, it has ontological primacy over the material world it provides a solid grounding.† (Prevos, 2005:3) Hence, religion gives meaning to human life, by making people oriented with the morality, ethics, values and systematic patterns of acting, reacting and behaving while entering into interaction with the social and natural environment. Thousands of religious belief systems exist on the face of the mother-earth, which maintain several similarities and differences from one another in nature, scope and teachings. In the long list of countless beliefs, Abrahamic faiths, inclu ding Judaism, Christianity and Islam, are quite distinguishing ones from the rest, and seek inspiration from one and the same light. Not only this that the Holy Scriptures of these three faiths narrate the same tales, but also all the three share one and the same mythology including the Oneness of God, existence of the holy prophets, angels, heaven and hell, Day of Resurrection and life after death., and reward and punishment on the concrete foundations of the deeds and misdeeds performed and committed respectively during their stay on earth as mortals. Although the Abrahamic religions are similar to one another in different ways, the followers of these faiths abhor each other and observe serious reservations on the basis of the misconceptions they have developed for one another without conducting any in-depth research on the philosophy and doctrine of purported rival faiths. It is therefore all the three Abrahamic faiths appear to be at daggers drawn against one another, where slig htest space of displaying tolerance towards one another has turned out to be a dream particularly during the contemporary times. The same was the situation with me, as being the true follower of the Christian faith, I viewed Islam as the religion consisted of extremists and fundamentalists, which condemned and censured people’s mixing up with the Jews and Christians as well as developing cordial social and corporate relationships with them at any cost. I also view the Muslims as hard-hearted nation, which looks down upon the others by declaring them pagans, atheists and infidels. Keeping in mind all these reservations, I decided to attend a religious gathering arranged and organized by the Muslims for some spiritual and moral purpose, so that I could have personal experience of the teachings and behavior adopted and observed by the Muslims. Though I had developed the very idea that interviewing some religious person at an Islamic center might bring some alteration in my estab lished onion about the Muslims, yet attending of the gathering brought revolutionary changes in my views about the community I had maintained serious reservations in past, and I returned from there carrying new image about Islam and Muslims at large. Last week I visited a mosque, situated in my city during the month of Ramadan, the ninth month according to the Islamic calendar. The month is reserved for fasting, and the Muslims keep fast the entire month from dawn to the sunset. However, the Shiite Muslims break their fast after ten minutes of sunset, as they argue that the sunset completes after seven to ten minutes of the apparent disappearance of the sun. Somehow,

Animal Eyes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Animal Eyes - Essay Example When light passes through the retina, it captures some while the rest passes proceeds to the Tapetum Licidum (Winifred & Krause 16). The mirror like layer of cells sequentially reflects light back to the retina (Winifred & Krause 16). This ricocheting of light is what gives off the green like flash in the animal’s eye at night (Winifred & Krause 16). Reflected light in the retina facilitates concentration of light, which enhances visualization. This process gives the animal greater and higher vision besides enabling them to hunt or scavenge their prey at night. Conversely, the â€Å"red eye† color characterizes animals that do not have Tapetum Licidum (Pendergrast 23). Therefore, this implies their eyes are not ready for the sudden entry of light except during incidences characterized by much light, which then penetrates into the eye, for instance, photographing. The â€Å"red eye† glow appears when thick light passes through the pupil of the eye and bounces off the red organs and blood capillaries in the eye. The amount of melanin in the eye can also cause â€Å"red eye† effect. People with high melanin level in the eye tend to absorb higher light intensity. Therefore, little light reflects on the red blood capillaries and body tissues leading to the absence of the â€Å"red eye† effect. Presently, numerous cameras have an installed feature meant to reduce â€Å"red eye† effect that works when flash goes off twice. The first flash makes eye pupils contract, hence making them smaller. The second flash, which is the actual one for taking pictures, finds the pupils smaller and reflects light on fewer blood vessels. This strategy reduces the â€Å"red eye† effect while taking a

Understanding HR concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Understanding HR concepts - Essay Example Evidently, human resource managers use training as a performance appraisal tool, which they conduct either after selection of the employees or during a specific time of the year. Organizations such as Ubisoft initiate a yearly program of performance appraisal as part of their talent development strategy. The value of employee training is an issue that has drawn a lot of controversy within the field of research. Research shows that employee training is a complex and expensive process that demands both time and resources from the organization. Therefore, training increases an organization’s expenses within a year, a feature that has become undesirable for many organizations. During a century of intensive business competition, organizations are experiencing financial constraints and their priority is to minimise any expenses. Some organizations have eliminated their training programs as one way of cutting the costs of production. However, there is evidence that employee training may have a wide range of benefits for an organization. First, training keeps the employees motivated and gives them the zeal to work confidently within their department. Secondly, there is evidence that trained employees have a higher work output and this contributes to an increase in the profit generate d within a year. In addition, employee training helps to develop employee’s talents to help them grow as the organization grows (Bratton & Gold, 2001). This explains why large companies have elaborate training programs that seek to improve the employee performance. However, there are obstacles to employee training programs that the human resource managers must anticipate while implementing performance appraisal. Training may become ineffective when employee have acquired optimal performance and feel that they cannot learn more. In this case, investing in employee training does not improve worker performance. In other cases, the employees may feel

Islamic Culture-Comparing the principles of Shoora (Shurah) and Essay

Islamic Culture-Comparing the principles of Shoora (Shurah) and democracy - Essay Example By comparing each of these forms of principles, there is a deeper understanding of the mechanics that are associated with both approaches to the decisions that are made within society as well as what rules and governs those under these orders. The principles of Shurah are defined by governing expectations that begin in the household and move into society. According to these principles, the relationships to family and to kin is the most important to withhold in the culture. Each of the members and kin should hold a relationship according to the principles of Islam, specifically in terms of treating others with respect based on what individuals should receive the most respect as well as how one should be treated. The importance of this is not only based on basic respect and the formation of relationships. If a dispute arises among kin and family, priority is given to those who are expected to have the most respect in the family, specifically which held a sign of righteousness and love toward those that were a part of the Islamic culture and belief. The relationships were not expected to be of Islamic origin and were based on upholding the relationships, despite the actions or reactions from other kin, such as failing to uph old the same relationship. This particular concept tied into neighbors and society to form order and culture through the principles of how each member should be treated (Hashimi, 1997). The principles of Shurah are combined with the understanding of how the approaches to those in the community ultimately affect the decisions taken politically, specifically with the attributes affecting votes and activities within society. The principles are expected to affect the consultation, democracy and decisions which are made by those in society. If the respect and guidance is divided by the amount of respect and worth given to the family and then to kin and the community, then there is the ability to

North Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

North Korea - Essay Example According to estimates by The United States Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) of North Korea is 24.8 Billion U.S. Dollars which works out to a Per capita GDP of approximately $1,800. However it I expressly stated that these are merely estimates based on incomplete data. With this incomplete data in hand one can draw a few conclusions. Firstly the economy has trades primarily in raw materials such as mining products, agriculture and fisheries. Secondly the company spends a tremendous amount of money on military expenditures which not only is a direct draw on state financial resources (Which could also be directed towards economic development) but it also removes a significant number of people who could spend their time performing more economically valuable activities. According to Hardin (2009) over the last decade there was a small influx of private enterprise within the country which ultimately ended up employing about half of the working popu lation. However, the article went on to argue that the government implemented policies that greatly restricted the freedoms of these markets because of a perceived lack of control over these forces. It was argued by Sang-Hun (2009) that this specific action represents a kind of ‘shock therapy’ to crack down on black market trading that undermines the control of the government.

ComputerBased Applications in Aviation Education Essay

ComputerBased Applications in Aviation Education - Essay Example In the paper that follows, an explanation of the different procedures of technology and how they are used in modern aviation education shall be presented and well tackled. With ample research and understanding, it could be noted that the discussion of this matter could create a clearer picture as to how the entire process of technological adjustment has actually found better ways of increasing the comprehensive approach of the teaching matters that are used in improving the proper ways of enhancing students' skills on flying as well as in handling aircraft technical problems and maintenance issues. With systems of economic reform that the society is getting involved with today, education has become the most important aspect in an individual's life. In the United States today, according to the United States Census Bureau, a student's personal quest for educational enhancement and development is key to his/her long-term career and economic success. No longer are innate abilities and talents a key to a person's success or failure. Individual success or failure is now determined by the level of education that one particularly gained from studying.1 For this reason, education at some point becomes the medium of measurement among individuals in the society as to how they are supposed to be viewed in terms of possibilities of being successful. The prestige that garnering a higher level of education nowadays does not only mark a person in the society as someone who has the capability to stand for his own self, but it also remains as a mark among employers as to who among the many appl icants are they to hire for a certain position. Those who have the skills and may even have the talents find it hard enough to jump up to the executive ladder [especially for business establishment organizations].2 While on the other hand, those who have the educational attainment become the ones who are able to take place in higher positions at work, even though they may have lesser skills than that of the others who have not garnered an education as high as they do. Certainly, from this particular perspective, it could be noted that education today becomes a measuring tool for people as to how they may fare in life. Education at some point becomes an element of social classification that makes it possible for massive diversity to occur between those who have the capabilities of garnering high levels of educational attainment from those who cannot. This is primarily one of the effects of globalization within the dealings of the human society. It is undeniable that as the application of globalization progresses, the demand for highly competent workers [based on educational attainment] is indeed taken seriously by the employers at present. Furthermore, the challenge becomes much tougher because of the fact that as the globalization era comes into picture, the challenge in producing highly competent workers is presented to educators of the present systems of education. What are these challenges in particular Primarily, as globalization invites global neighbouring among nations around the world, immigration of students from different races becomes an eminent

Why We Need Horror Movies Essay Example for Free

Why We Need Horror Movies Essay In â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies,† Stephen King writes about horror movies, why we like them, and the purposes they serve us. One of the main reasons he makes in his essay is that he believes that there is a dark and sinister side to all people that craves to see the suffrage and despair of others and that this is why we need these movies. King says that these particular kinds of movies are good in the way that the purpose they serve is to satisfy those desires and urges. Given these two statements, it shows that even though we may have urges from time to time to cause harm or wish ill will that these films serve as a healthy release. King writes in his essay, â€Å"The potential lyncher is in almost all of us (excluding saints, past and present; but then, most saints have been crazy in their own ways), and every now and then, he has to be let loose to scream and roll around in the grass.† (110) This is simply a statement that ultimately we are just human beings expressing emotion. Although horror movies are almost always presented with people suffering horrible things like demons, possessions, and even death, they serve as a healthy release to feel the satisfaction for those desires. And they let us just cast aside our normal socially acceptable behaviors to just indulge them. Another statement King writes in his essay is that, â€Å"If we are all insane, then sanity becomes a matter of degree.† (110) This is a statement that says sanity is something that can be measured. If this is true then sanity is something that must be controlled in order to maintain civility in society. Horror movies for the normal average person as stated before simply serve as an outlet to release some bad desires; however, some people do take that desire beyond the movies and actually do go out and commit crimes and cause harm to others. To conclude, sanity is something that can be easily kept in check by most people, some not as much. And this is why we need an outlet such as movies like these to keep ourselves in check from causing actual damage and harm.

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Collaboration is a interprofessional process of communication and decision making that enables shared knowledge and skills in health care providers to synergistically influence the ways service user/patient care and the broader community health services are provided (Way et al, 2002). The development of collaborative working will necessarily entail close interprofessional working (Wilson et al., 2008). According to Wilson et al, (2008) and Hughes, Hemmingway Smith, (2005) interprofessional and collaborative working describes considering the service user in a holistic way, and the benefits to the service user that different organisations, such as Social Workers (SW), Occupational Therapists (OT) and District Nurse (DN) and other health professionals can bring working together can achieve. These definitions describe collaborative working as the act of people working together toward common goals. Integrated working involves putting the service user at the centre of decision making to m eet their needs and improve their lives (Dept of Health, 2009). This paper will focus first see why health care students learn about working together then reviewing government policy and how this can be applied in a Social Care context, then on influencing factors on the outcomes of collaborative working references within the professional literature, and finally, reviewing evidence on collaborative practice in health and social care. Learning to work collaboratively with other professionals and agencies is a clear expectation of social worker in the prescribed curriculum for the new Social Work Degree (DoH 2002). The reasons are plain: à ¢-  Service users want social workers who can collaborate effectively with others to obtain and provide services (Audit Commission 2002) à ¢-  Collaboration is central in implementing strategies for effective care and protection of children and of vulnerable adultsas underlined, respectively, by the recent report of the Victoria Climbià © Inquiry (Laming 2003) and the earlier No Secrets policies (DoH 2000) à ¢-  Effective collaboration between staff at the front-line is also a crucial ingredient in delivering the Governments broader goals of partnership between services (Whittington 2003). Experience is growing of what is involved in learning for collaborative practice. This experience promises valuable information for Social Work Degree providers and others developing learning opportunities but has not been systematically researched in UK social work programmes for a decade (Whittington 1992; Whittington et al 1994). The providers of Diploma in Social Work programmes (DipSW) represented an untapped source of directly transferable experience in this area of learning and were therefore chosen as the focus of the study. Making collaborative practice a reality in institutions requires an understanding of the essential elements, persistent and continuing efforts, and rigorous evaluation of outcomes. Satisfaction, quality, and cost effectiveness are essential factors on two dimensions: outcomes for patient care providers; and outcomes for patients. Ultimately, collaborative practice can be recognized by demonstrated effective communication patterns, achievement of enhanced patient care outcomes, and efficient and effective support services in place. If these criteria are not met, collaborative practice is a myth and not a reality in your institution. Simms LM, Dalston JW, Roberts PW. Collaborative practice: myth or reality? Hosp Health Serv Adm. 1984 Nov-Dec;29(6):36-48. PubMed PMID: 10268659. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Health care students are thought about collaboration so that they can see the unique contribution that each professional can bring to the provision of care in a truly holistic way. Learning about working together can help prevent the development of negative stereotypes, which can inhabit interprofessional collaboration. (Tunstall-Pedoe et al 2003) Health care students can link theory they have leant with practice and bring added value of successful collaborative practice. (www.facuity.londondeanery.ac.uk) Learning collaborative practice with other professionals is the core expectation in social work education both qualifying and post grad. Effective collaboration and interaction can directly influence a SU treatment, in a positive way, and the opposite can be said about ineffective collaboration that can have severe ramifications, which has been cited in numerous public inquiries. Professionals should also share information about SUs to keep themselves and their colleagues safe from harm. Working together to safeguard children states that training on safeguarding children and young people should be embedded within a wider framework of commitment to inter and multi-agency working at strategic and operational levels underpinned by shared goals, planning processes and values. The Children Act 1989 recognised that the identification and investigation of child abuse, together with the protection and support of victims and their families, requires multi-agency collaboration. Caring for People (DH, 1989) stated that successful collaboration required a clear, mutual understanding by every agency of each others responsibilities and powers, in order to make plain how and with whom collaboration should be secured. It is evident from the above that Government has been actively promoting collaborative working, and this is reflected in professional literature. Hence, the policy climate and legislative backdrop were established to facilitate inter-agency and intra-agency collaborati on. The stated aim has been to create high quality, needs-led, co-ordinated services that maximised choice for the service user (Payne, 1995). Political pressure in recent years has focused attention on interprofessional collaboration in SW (Pollard, Sellman Senior, 2005) and when viewed as a good thing, it is worthwhile to critically examine its benefits and drawbacks just what is so good about it. (Leathard, 2003). Interprofessional collaboration benefits the service user by the use of complementary skills, shared knowledge, resources and possibility better job satisfaction. Soon after the new Labour government in 1997 gave a powerful new impetus to the concept of collaboration and partnership between health professionals and services, they recognised this and there was a plethora of social policy initiatives official on collaborative working published. A clear indication of this can be found in NHS Plan (DH, 2000), Modernising the Social Services (DH, 1998a). Policies concentrat ed on agency structures and better joint working. This was nothing new, since the 1970s there has been a growing emphasis on multiagency working. 1974 saw the first big press involvement in the death of a child (Maria Coldwell) and they questioned why professionals were not able to protect children who they had identified as most at risk. The pendulum of threat to children then swung too much the other way and the thresholds for interventions were significantly lowered, which culminated with the Cleveland Inquiry of 1988 when children were removed from their families when there was little concrete evidence of harm (Butler-Sloss, 1988), with too much emphasis put on the medical opinion. An equilibrium was needed for a collaborative work ethic to share knowledge and skills and Munro (2010) states that other service agencies cannot and should not replace SWs, but there is a requirement for agencies to engage professionally about children, young people and families on their caseloads. T he Children Act 2004 (Dept of Health, 2004) and associated government guidance, introduced following the Public Inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbià © in 2000, including Every Child Matters (Dept of Health, 2003), were written to stress the importance of interprofessional and multiagency working and to help improve it. The failure to collaborate effectively was highlighted as one of many missed opportunities by the inquiry into the tragic death of Victoria Climbià © (Laming, 2003) and Baby Peter (Munro, 2009). There is an assumption that shared information is information understood problems with information sharing and effective commination are cited again and again in public enquiry reports Rose and Barnes 2008; Brandon et al, 2008). These problems can simply be about very practical issues, such as delays in information shearing, lost messages, names and addresses that are incorrectly recorded (Laming 2003 cited in Ten pitfalls and how to avoid them 2010) An explicit aim was to motivate the contribution of multiagency working. By 1997 Labour had been re elected and rolled out a number of studies into collaboration. These studies revealed the many complexities and obstacles to collaborative working (Weinstein, 2003). The main drivers of the governments health and social care policies were partnership, collaboration and multi-disciplinary working. One of the areas covered by Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010 (Dept of Health, 2010) stated that organisations and agencies should work together to recognise and manage any individual who presents a risk of harm to children. The Children Act 1989 (Dept of Health, 1989) requires multi-agency collaboration to help indentify and investigate any cases of child abuse, and the protection and support of victims and their families. It should be remembered that everyone brings their piece of expertise/ knowledge to help build the jigsaw (Working Together 2010) and to assess the service user i n a holistic way. Although the merits of collaboration have rarely been disputed, the risk of conflict between the professional groups remains. Some of the barriers to collaboration are different resource allocation systems, different accountability structures, professional tribalism, pace of change and spending constraints The disadvantages are if commissioning was led by health, an over-emphasis on health care needs, and inequities between patients from different practices There are challenges in terms of professional and personal resistance to change; it is difficult to change entrenched attitudes even through inter-professional education. Sometimes professionals disagree about the causes of and the solutions to problems, they may have different objectives because of different paradigms (Pierson M, 2010). There are also several concerns for SWs which include not knowing which assessments to use, appearing to be different or work differently from others in the team, not being taken seriously or listened to by colleagues and not having sufficient time or resources because of budget constraints (Warren, 2007). Some of the reasoning for this pessimistic mood is feelings of inequality and rivalries, the relative status and power of professionals, professional identity and territory. Different patterns of accountability and discretion between professionals, are all contributing factors to these feelings (Hudson, 2002). Thompson (2009) suggests that instead of the SW being viewed as the expert with all the answers to the problems, they should step back and look at what other professionals can contribute. Collaborative working offers a way forward, in which the SW works with everyone involved with the clients; carers, voluntary workers and other professional staff, to maximise the resources, thus giving an opportunity for making progress and affording the service user the best possible care. Weinstein, et al, (2003) stated that although there are problems with collaborative working, the potential positive outcomes out-weight the negatives. There could be a more integrated, timely and coherent response to the many complex human problems, fewer visits, better record keeping and transfer of information, and some reduction of risk; therefore the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. If SWs work in silos, working in a vacuum, they are unlikely to maximise their impact (Brodie, 2008). It is important to use collaboration and an interprofessional/multi agency working culture in Social Work in order that the most vulnerable service users receive the best possible assessments of their needs. The advantages are better understanding of the constraints of each agency and system overall, shared information on local needs, reduction in duplication of assessments, better planning, avoiding the blame culture when problems occurred and accessing social care via health less stigmatising. Greater knowledge of the SWs roles and responsibilities by other health care professionals will ensure that the SWs role is not substituted in assessment of the service users circumstances and needs (Munro, 2010). The Munro Report (2010) also states that if everyone holds a piece of the jigsaw a full picture is impossible until every piece is put together. Working together to Safeguard Children states a multi-professional approach is required to ensure collaboration among all involved, which may include ambulance staff, AE department staff, coroners officers, police, GPs, health visitors, school nurses, community childrens nurses, midwives, paediatricians, palliative or end of life care staff, mental health professionals, substance misuse workers, hospital bereavement staff, voluntary agencies, coroners, pathologists, forensic medical examiners, local authority childrens social care, YOTs, probation, schools, prison staff where a child has died in custody and any others who may find themselves with a contribution to make in individual cases (for example, fire fighters or faith leaders). In a study by Carpenter et al (2003) concerning the impact on staff of providing integrated care in multi-disciplinary mental health teams in the North of England, the most positive results were found in areas where services were fully integrated. There is much evidence to suggest that collaboration represents an ethical method of practice where differences are respected, but used creatively to find solutions to complex problems. In essence the service user should be cared for in a holistic approach and to achieve this collaboration is the answer. (1516) Professor Munro askes Some local areas have introduced social work-led, multi-agency locality teams to help inform best next steps in respect of a child or young person, including whether a formal child protection intervention is needed. Do you think this is useful? Do you have evidence of it working well? What are the practical implications of this approach? (http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2011/01/04/116046/munro-asks-frontline-workers-what-needs-to-change.htm)

Study Proposal: Causative Mutations in Optic Neuropathy

Study Proposal: Causative Mutations in Optic Neuropathy Optic neuropathy refers to degeneration of optic nerve. It is often described as optic atrophy that means loss of few or most of optic nerve fibers [1]. It can be symmetric or bilateral based on toxic or nutritional ( vitamin B12 or folate deficiency) insults and genetic defects [4]. In genetically inherited optic atrophies, retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve fiber layer are damaged. This damage can be focal (affects macular beam of optic nerve) or generalized [6]. The axons of retinal ganglion cells arise from retina and from optic nerve. The optic nerve enter cortex via optic disc where input signal is processed into vision. The retinal ganglion cells or nerve cells of inner retina form 1.2 million nerve fibers [1]. The key features of optic neuropathy results from death of these nerve cells or neurons. Autosomal recessive optic atrophies (ROAs) indicate loss of nerve fibers that form optic disc, optic nerve, optic chiasm and optic tracts [net bookmark]. The only key feature of isolated ROAs is optic nerve degeneration. To date defects in genes coding for mitochondrial proteins leads to isolated ROAs [4]. The genetically inherited atrophies can be familial that follows Mendelian pattern of inheritance (X-linked recessive, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant) or non Mendelian (mitochondrial) [2]. In autosomal recessive Mendelian pattern of inheritance, two copies of mutant allele in affected person and one copy of mutant allele in carrier are present. When two carriers mate, there is an equal chance (25%) of being affected and unaffected. There is a 50% chance of being heterozygous (unaffected carrier). But in autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, affected individuals have one mutant copy of allele so every individual has 50% chance of being affected or being normal. In the pure congenital autosomal recessive optic atrophy, symptoms like visual impairment appear very early and are present at birth or appear in first year of life. Affected individuals are severely impaired visually leading to visual disability or complete blindness. It is never associated with neurological disorders. It can be diagnosed very early, usually before the age of 4 years. Fundus examination reveals optic disc pallor temporally or bilaterally. A cupping may develop with age [3]. Affected individuals suffer from central scotoma, photophobia and also have red green color confusion [6]. Family history is critical for diagnosis [Hereditaryà ¿opticà ¿neuropathies: from clinical signs to diagnosis]. Clinical diagnosis involves fundoscopy, visual field testing, fluorescein angiography, optical coherence tomography scan of the retinal nerve fiber layers, color vision analysis and standard electroretinogram. Damage from optic nerve atrophy cannot be reversed [4].To clinically distinguishes it from LHON flourscene angiography was done which fails to show any peripapillary microvascular changes, beside this retinal activity is also normal confirmed by electroretinogram. Pathology of arOA is confirmed by testing visual evoked potential which was totally absent in affected individuals. Central or cecocentral faults are diagnosed through visual field testing. Lesion in the fovea or papillomacular bundle leads to cental scotoma which ultimately affects the central fixation. Thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer is diagnosed through optical coherence tomography scan [3, 4, clinical diagnosis]. Papillomacular bundle leads to the extension of cecocentral sctoma towards blind spot. There is no effective treatment for optic atrophy because degeneration of nerve fibers is irreversible process. Although further damage can be prevented by early diagnosis and by treating underlying causes of the disorder [ net bookmark]. As environmental factor play their role in every aspect of life likewise in this disorder alcohol consumption and smoking should be strictly prohibited [Hereditaryopticneuropathies: from clinical signs to diagnosis]. Genetic counseling and proper awareness of people is very important to prevent such genetic disorders without any effective treatment. New therapies are being formulated by designing animal models or by clinical trial on affected humans these therapies mainly focuses in preventing oxidative stress. Animal models have been designed for testing the various treatments in case of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy [Treatment of hereditaryopticneuropathies]. arOA is divided into syndromic and non-syndromic form, syndromic arOA involve multiple organs other than eye which are effected just like wolfram syndrome [6, net bookmarks]. While in non-syndromic optic nerve is affected only and it also shows familial transmission more than one members of same family can also be affected [Hereditaryopticneuropathies: from clinical signs to diagnosis]. OPA 6 and 7 are the two loci which are characterized till now, mutation in any one of two leads to arOA. Disease causing gene has been localized at chromosome 8q21–q22 (Zmax of 3.41 at h ¼0 for D8S270). D8S1794 and D8S1702 markers present on OPA6 in a 12Mb interval [6]. OPA7 containing 40 known genes, only one gene TMEM126A screened as a causative agent of non-syndromic arOA [4, 7]. TMEM126A is homozygous nonsense mutation characterized as first known mutation in case of isolated arOA, this gene transcribed into mitochondrial transmembrane protein. TMEM126A helps in early nucleation of mitochondrial complexes that is why it is also termed as mitochondria-localized mRNA (MLR) protein. It play important role in function of retinal ganglion cells by arranging protein complexes essential for the proper functioning of RGCs. It is hypothesized that TMEM126A may accelerate the rate at which protein complex assemble, which otherwise occurs slowly that ultimately affect high energy demanding RGCs. While in other tissues the effect of this mutation may be substituted by some other protein of TMEM family [4, 7]. TMEM126A transcribe single ubiquitous transcript of 770bp that contain total five exons four coding and one non-coding exon. TMEM126A present on chromosome 11 and its span is 8.5 kb. Testis, fetal retinal pigmentary epithelium (RPE), fetal retina, brain (whole), cerebellum, fetal brain and skeletal muscle are the sites where strong expression of TMEM126A has been observed. Substantial amount of specific mRNA in the ganglion cell layer, optic nerve head, the outer ellipsoide length of photoreceptor inner segments, and the outer plexiform layer is detected by the process of insitu hybridization in mouse i.e. 8 month old. In the photoreceptor outer segments and outer nuclear layer (ONL) no labeling is noticed. Mitochondria specific Alpha subunit of the ATP synthase is Immunolocalized on retinal sections of the same mouse which resulted into the same pattern of expression. So it is confirmed that TMEM126A transcribe mitochondrial localized m RNA. Linkage analysis is the process helps in finding mutation or gene resulted into arOA. Potential functionality of genes with their chromosomal location is associated through this statistical method. During chromosomal recombination markers present closely or on the same area on chromosome will remain attached together are transmitted as such in offspring’s this idea is exploited in linkage analysis. If in an individual disease gene is transmitted along with some specific markers it means disease causing gene is present close to these markers. Those disorders that follow Mendelian inheritance pattern can easily be analyzed through this process [5]. This study will be the first step which further helps in identifying the causative gene responsible for arOA in Pakistani population and also help in designing therapeutic tools for the benefit of affected persons. By conducting these type of studies we can also aware our population about such type of rare disorders.

Emergent Systems †Religion Versus Science :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Emergent Systems – Religion Versus Science Religion is an institution that invokes unobservable and improbable entities to explain the natural world. It provides a default explanation for anything not currently understood. Over the last few thousand years, the number of unknowns has exponentially decreased along with religion's monopoly on why and how. Now, religion is almost never invoked to interpret reality. When someone has a seizure, a hole isn't drilled in his head. When our children ask where AIDS or lightning comes from, we no longer answer "God." We now have a wonderful array of social and natural sciences at our disposal. Sociology tells us why people behave seemingly oddly in groups. Psychology explains that people aren't strictly good or evil. Biochemistry shows us how the neurons in our brain work and even gives recipes for chemicals that make us happier and less anxious. Physics tells us how these molecules are bound together and how they can be split apart. Each of the sciences is pretty confined to its scope. The pure sciences explain the simple in slightly simpler terms. The social sciences explain the complex in slightly less complex terms. However, they do string end-to-end very nicely, one picking up where the previous left off. There does seem to be a large gap that is covered by no field at this time. That gap is between neurobiology and psychology. The first explains how each individual neuron operates. The second, what they do when about 15 billion of them get together. What happens in between that creates consciousness and apparent self-awareness? To many, it's obvious that this gap will be filled by another scientific field. However, to most of the world, this is the final unknown. Like the unknowns before it, it's filled by religion. Nearly all current religious beliefs are concentrated around this remaining scientific gap. What are the most prevalent remaining religious beliefs? People no longer believe the earth is the center of the universe or disease is punishment from God. These contradict existing hard sciences. The remaining beliefs are those that fill in for this missing scientific field. The soul and the afterlife. How are the soul and afterlife related to this missing field? The soul is a catch-all concept that substitutes for our lack of understanding of consciousness. Afterlife is recognition that because the mind (soul) is not understood, it is to be treated as a black box. The afterlife concept is a hopeful presupposition that because we do not know what goes on inside the black box, it may possess an ability to transcend its apparent cease of functioning. Emergent Systems – Religion Versus Science :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers Emergent Systems – Religion Versus Science Religion is an institution that invokes unobservable and improbable entities to explain the natural world. It provides a default explanation for anything not currently understood. Over the last few thousand years, the number of unknowns has exponentially decreased along with religion's monopoly on why and how. Now, religion is almost never invoked to interpret reality. When someone has a seizure, a hole isn't drilled in his head. When our children ask where AIDS or lightning comes from, we no longer answer "God." We now have a wonderful array of social and natural sciences at our disposal. Sociology tells us why people behave seemingly oddly in groups. Psychology explains that people aren't strictly good or evil. Biochemistry shows us how the neurons in our brain work and even gives recipes for chemicals that make us happier and less anxious. Physics tells us how these molecules are bound together and how they can be split apart. Each of the sciences is pretty confined to its scope. The pure sciences explain the simple in slightly simpler terms. The social sciences explain the complex in slightly less complex terms. However, they do string end-to-end very nicely, one picking up where the previous left off. There does seem to be a large gap that is covered by no field at this time. That gap is between neurobiology and psychology. The first explains how each individual neuron operates. The second, what they do when about 15 billion of them get together. What happens in between that creates consciousness and apparent self-awareness? To many, it's obvious that this gap will be filled by another scientific field. However, to most of the world, this is the final unknown. Like the unknowns before it, it's filled by religion. Nearly all current religious beliefs are concentrated around this remaining scientific gap. What are the most prevalent remaining religious beliefs? People no longer believe the earth is the center of the universe or disease is punishment from God. These contradict existing hard sciences. The remaining beliefs are those that fill in for this missing scientific field. The soul and the afterlife. How are the soul and afterlife related to this missing field? The soul is a catch-all concept that substitutes for our lack of understanding of consciousness. Afterlife is recognition that because the mind (soul) is not understood, it is to be treated as a black box. The afterlife concept is a hopeful presupposition that because we do not know what goes on inside the black box, it may possess an ability to transcend its apparent cease of functioning.

HIV and AIDS: How Has It Developed? :: HIV AIDS Diseases Health Essays

How Has It Developed? Only within the last two decades have HIV and AIDS become largely visible in the United States and across the globe. It may appear that there is virtually a void in legislation dealing with HIV and AIDS because of the relatively recent increase in public awareness. Perhaps, though, this lack of legislation should not be surprising considering the fact that almost no other specific illnesses are the target of direct legislation. The rights of patients are often the topic of new laws; however, exact diseases or disorders are not usually expounded upon in these broader forms of legislation. The situation involving the possible transmission of HIV to Kimberly Bergalis from her dentist provoked many calls for specific legislation requiring medical professionals to be tested for HIV. Additionally, some suggest that if a health care provider tests HIV positive that he or she should be required to disclose this information to all involved patients. Since there is no preexisting legislation on mandated HIV testing for health care professionals, one must apply broader, more ambiguous interpretations of the Constitution in order to mount cases both for and against the implementation of required HIV testing [Notre Dame J. of Law]. The Amendments of the Constitution that are most applicable to the debate over required HIV testing are the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which contain elements of the right to equal protection, and the fourth amendment, which contains elements of the right to privacy. The Fifth Amendment involves the role of the federal government, as opposed to th e Fourteenth Amendment which addresses the role of state governments [Notre Dame J. of Law]. An excerpt from the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution is given below: "†¦No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." (The Constitution of the United States of America can be viewed in its entirety at http://www.publicadministration.net/resources/the-united-states-constitution/ ) The Fourteenth Amendment states rather clearly that citizens have the right to equal protection, but the Fifth Amendment does not express this right in such an explicit manner. However, Supreme Court rulings have cited the Fifth Amendment as a source of the right to equal protection through due process in various cases [Notre Dame J. of Law]. An American citizen's fundamental right to privacy is supplied by the Fourth Amendment. This amendment, as stated below, is traditionally known as the Search and Seizure Amendment. "The right of HIV and AIDS: How Has It Developed? :: HIV AIDS Diseases Health Essays How Has It Developed? Only within the last two decades have HIV and AIDS become largely visible in the United States and across the globe. It may appear that there is virtually a void in legislation dealing with HIV and AIDS because of the relatively recent increase in public awareness. Perhaps, though, this lack of legislation should not be surprising considering the fact that almost no other specific illnesses are the target of direct legislation. The rights of patients are often the topic of new laws; however, exact diseases or disorders are not usually expounded upon in these broader forms of legislation. The situation involving the possible transmission of HIV to Kimberly Bergalis from her dentist provoked many calls for specific legislation requiring medical professionals to be tested for HIV. Additionally, some suggest that if a health care provider tests HIV positive that he or she should be required to disclose this information to all involved patients. Since there is no preexisting legislation on mandated HIV testing for health care professionals, one must apply broader, more ambiguous interpretations of the Constitution in order to mount cases both for and against the implementation of required HIV testing [Notre Dame J. of Law]. The Amendments of the Constitution that are most applicable to the debate over required HIV testing are the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, which contain elements of the right to equal protection, and the fourth amendment, which contains elements of the right to privacy. The Fifth Amendment involves the role of the federal government, as opposed to th e Fourteenth Amendment which addresses the role of state governments [Notre Dame J. of Law]. An excerpt from the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution is given below: "†¦No state shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." (The Constitution of the United States of America can be viewed in its entirety at http://www.publicadministration.net/resources/the-united-states-constitution/ ) The Fourteenth Amendment states rather clearly that citizens have the right to equal protection, but the Fifth Amendment does not express this right in such an explicit manner. However, Supreme Court rulings have cited the Fifth Amendment as a source of the right to equal protection through due process in various cases [Notre Dame J. of Law]. An American citizen's fundamental right to privacy is supplied by the Fourth Amendment. This amendment, as stated below, is traditionally known as the Search and Seizure Amendment. "The right of

Literature Survey of Methods of Data Encryption

Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY This chapter deals with the assorted documents that is been referred in order to implement this undertaking. It address the techniques that has been implemented in order to supply the security and the privateness for the information has to be stored on to the cloud. The below subdivision shows the antecedently used techniques. [ 1 ] This paper tells about the Providing secure and ei ¬?cient entree to big graduated table outsourced information is an of import constituent of cloud calculating. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to work out this job in owner-write-users-read applications. We propose to code every information block with a dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent key so that i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible cryptography-based entree control can be achieved. Through the acceptance of cardinal derivation methods, the proprietor needs to keep merely a few secrets. Analysis shows that the cardinal derivation process utilizing hash maps will present really limited calculation operating expense. We propose to utilize over-encryption and/or lazy annulment to forestall revoked users from acquiring entree to updated information blocks. We design mechanisms to manage both updates to outsourced informations and alterations in user entree rights. We investigate the operating expense and safety of the proposed attack, and survey mechanism s to better informations entree ei ¬?ciency. [ 2 ] Online personal wellness record ( PHR ) enables patients to pull off their ain medical records in a centralised manner, which greatly facilitates the storage, entree and sharing of personal wellness informations. With the outgrowth of cloud computer science, it is attractive for the PHR service suppliers to switch their PHR applications and storage into the cloud, in order to bask the elastic resources and cut down the operational cost. However, by hive awaying PHRs in the cloud, the patients lose physical control to their personal wellness informations, which makes it necessary for each patient to code her PHR information earlier uploading to the cloud waiters. Under encoding, it is disputing to accomplish i ¬?ne-grained entree control to PHR informations in a scalable and ei ¬?cient manner. For each patient, the PHR informations should be encrypted so that it is scalable with the figure of users holding entree. Besides, since there are multiple proprietors ( patients ) in a PHR system and every proprietor would code her PHR i ¬?les utilizing a dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent set of cryptanalytic keys, it is of import to cut down the cardinal distribution complexness in such multi-owner scenes. Existing cryptographic enforced entree control strategies are largely designed for the single-owner scenarios. In this paper, we propose a fresh model for entree control to PHRs within cloud calculating environment. To enable i ¬?ne-grained and scalable entree control for PHRs, we leverage attribute based encoding ( ABE ) techniques to code each patients’ PHR information. To cut down the cardinal distribution complexness, we divide the system into multiple security spheres, where each sphere manages merely a subset of the users. In this manner, each patient has full control over her ain privateness, and the cardinal direction complexness is reduced dramatically. Our proposed strategy is besides i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible, in that it supports ei ¬?cient and on-demand annulment of user entree rights, and break-glass entree under exigency scenarios. [ 3 ] Attribute-based encoding ( ABE ) is a new vision for public cardinal encoding that allows users to code and decode messages based on user properties. For illustration, a user can make a ciphertext that can be decrypted merely by other users with properties fulfilling ( â€Å"Faculty† OR ( â€Å"PhD Student† AND â€Å"Quals Completed† ) ) . Given its expressiveness, ABE is presently being considered for many cloud storage and calculating applications. However, one of the chief efficiency drawbacks of ABE is that the size of the ciphertext and the clip required to decode it grows with the complexness of the entree expression. In this work, we propose anew paradigm for ABE that mostly eliminates this operating expense for users. Suppose that ABE ciphertexts are stored in the cloud. We show how a user can supply the cloud with a individual transmutation key that allows the cloud to interpret any ABE ciphertext satisi ¬?ed by that user’s attributes into a ( constant-size ) El Gamal-style ciphertext, without the cloud being able to read any portion of the user’s messages. To exactly dei ¬?ne and show the advantages of this attack, we provide new security dei ¬?nitions for both CPA and replayable CCA security with outsourcing, several new buildings, an execution of our algorithms and elaborate public presentation measurings. In a typical coni ¬?guration, the user saves signii ¬?cantly on both bandwidth and decoding clip, without increasing the figure of transmittals. [ 4 ] We consider the job of building a secure cloud storage service to which users outsource sensitive informations for sharing with others where, in peculiar, the service supplier is non wholly trusted by the client. Cloud storage service denotes an architectural displacement toward thin clients and handily centralized proviso of both calculating and storage resources. When using cloud storage for secure informations sharing, one of the chief motivation jobs of this architecture is supplying thin clients with both strong informations coni ¬?dentiality and i ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡exible i ¬?ne-grained entree control without enforcing extra cost on them ( clients ) . To accomplish this end, we propose a fresh information sharing protocol by uniting and working two of the latest property based cryptanalytic techniques, attribute-based encoding ( ABE ) and attribute-based signature ( ABS ) . Furthermore, we besides give a elaborate comparing of our strategy with several latest bing strategies. [ 5 ] Ciphertext-Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( CP-ABE ) is a promising cryptanalytic primitive for i ¬?ne-grained entree control of shared informations. In CP-ABE, each user is associated with a set of properties and informations are encrypted with entree constructions on properties. A user is able to decode a ciphertext if and merely if his properties satisfy the ciphertext entree construction. Beside this basic belongings, practical applications normally have other demands. In this paper we focus on an of import issue of attribute annulment which is cumbrous for CP-ABE strategies. In peculiar, we resolve this ambitious issue by sing more practical scenarios in which semi-trustable online placeholder waiters are available. As compared to bing strategies, our proposed solution enables the authorization to revoke user properties with minimum ei ¬Ã‹â€ ort. We achieve this by unambiguously incorporating the technique of proxy re-encryption with CP-ABE, and enable the authoriza tion to depute most of arduous undertakings to proxy waiters. Formal analysis shows that our proposed strategy is demonstrably unafraid against chosen ciphertext onslaughts. In add-on, we show that our technique can besides be applicable to the Key-Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( KP-ABE ) opposite number. [ 6 ] Data entree control is an effectual manner to guarantee informations security in the cloud. However, due to data outsourcing and untrusted cloud waiters, the informations entree control becomes a ambitious issue in cloud storage systems. Existing entree control strategies are no longer applicable to overcast storage systems, because they either produce multiple encrypted transcripts of the same information or necessitate a to the full trusted cloud waiter. CiphertextPolicy Attribute- based Encryption ( CP-ABE ) is a promising technique for entree control of encrypted information. However, due to the inefi ¬?ciency of decoding and annulment, bing CPABE strategies can non be straight applied to build informations entree control strategy for multi-authority cloud storage systems, where users may keep properties from multiple governments. In this paper, we propose DAC-MACS ( Data Access Control for Multi-Authority Cloud Storage ) , an effectual and unafraid informations entree control strategy with efi ¬?cient decoding and annulment. Specii ¬?cally, we construct a new multi-authority CP-ABE strategy with efi ¬?cient decoding, and besides plan an efi ¬?cient property annulment method that can accomplish both forward security and backward security. We further suggest an extended informations entree control strategy ( EDAC-MACS ) , which is unafraid under weaker security premises. [ 7 ] We propose a new theoretical account for informations storage and entree in clouds. Our scheme avoids hive awaying multiple encrypted transcripts of same informations. In our model for secure informations storage, cloud shops encrypted informations ( without being able to decode them ) . The chief freshness of our theoretical account is add-on of cardinal distribution centres ( KDCs ) . We propose DACC ( Distributed Access Control in Clouds ) algorithm, where one or more KDCs distribute keys to informations proprietors and users. KDC may supply entree to peculiar i ¬?elds in all records. Therefore, a individual key replaces separate keys from proprietors. Owners and users are assigned certain set of properties. Owner encrypts the information with the properties it has and shops them in the cloud. The users with fiting set of properties can recover the information from the cloud. We apply attribute-based encoding based on bilinear couplings on elliptic curves. The strategy is collusion secure ; two users can non together decrypt any informations that none of them has single right to entree. DACC besides supports annulment of users, without redistributing keys to all the users of cloud services. We show that our attack consequences in lower communicating, calculation and storage operating expenses, compared to bing theoretical accounts and strategies. [ 8 ] Ciphertext Policy Attribute Based Encryption ( CPABE ) enables users’ encoding with an entree construction while delegating decoding capableness in conformity with attribute sets. In this paper, we study central-control annulment in CPABE environment, where the proposed key coevals, encoding and decoding algorithms closely comply with CPABE theoretical account, and cardinal update algorithm is developed. In add-on, we inherit the most efi ¬?cient annulment techniques to better the efi ¬?ciency of our cardinal update algorithm. With our strategy, users can remain attribute anon. while being associated with a alone identii ¬?er in system manager’s position, hence revoking malicious users’ decoding capablenesss harmonizing to their alone identii ¬?ers would non impact honest users’ decoding. Our strategy can be proved chosen plaintext secure based on Decisional Bilinear Difi ¬?e-Hellman ( DBDH ) premise in the standard theoretical account. We besides provide efi ¬?ciency analysis and some extensions including deputation capableness and chosen ciphertext security. [ 9 ] Secure outsourcing of calculation to an untrusted ( cloud ) service supplier is going more and more of import. Pure cryptanalytic solutions based on to the full homomorphic and verii ¬?able encoding, late proposed, are assuring but sui ¬Ã‹â€ er from really high latency. Other proposals perform the whole calculation on tamper-proof hardware and normally sui ¬Ã‹â€ er from the the same job. Trusted computer science ( TC ) is another assuring attack that uses trusted package and hardware constituents on calculating platforms to supply utile mechanisms such as attestation leting the information proprietor to verify the unity of the cloud and its calculation. However, on the one manus these solutions require trust in hardware ( CPU, trusted calculating faculties ) that are under the physical control of the cloud supplier, and on the other manus they still have to confront the challenge of run-time attestation. In this paper we focus on applications where the latency of the calculation should be minimized, i.e. , the clip from subjecting the question until having the result of the calculation should be every bit little as possible. To accomplish this we show how to unite a sure hardware item ( e.g. , a cryptanalytic coprocessor or provided by the client ) with Secure Function Evaluation ( SFE ) to calculate arbitrary maps on secret ( encrypted ) informations where the calculation leaks no information and is verii ¬?able. The item is used in the apparatus stage merely whereas in the time-critical online stage the cloud computes the encrypted map on encrypted informations utilizing symmetric encoding primitives merely and without any interaction with other entities. [ 10 ] The cardinal barrier to widespread consumption of cloud computer science is the deficiency of trust in clouds by possible clients. While preventative controls for security and privateness steps are actively being researched, there is still small focal point on investigator controls related to overcast answerability and auditability. The complexness ensuing from the sheer sum of virtualization and informations distribution carried out in current clouds has besides revealed an pressing demand for research in cloud answerability, as has the displacement in focal point of client concerns from waiter wellness and use to the unity and safety of end-users ‘ informations. This paper discusses cardinal challenges in accomplishing a sure cloud through the usage of investigator controls, and presents the TrustCloud model, which addresses answerability in cloud calculating via proficient and policy-based attacks. [ 11 ] We introduce a new and various cryptanalytic primitive called Attribute-Based Signatures ( ABS ) , in which a signature attests non to the individuality of the person who endorsed a message, but alternatively to a ( perchance composite ) claim sing the properties she posseses. ABS oi ¬Ã‹â€ ers: – A strong unforgeability warrant for the verii ¬?er, that the signature was produced by a individual party whose properties satisfy the claim being made ; i.e. , non by a collusion of persons who pooled their properties together. – A strong privateness warrant for the signer, that the signature reveals nil about the individuality or properties of the signer beyond what is explicitly revealed by the claim being made. We officially dei ¬?ne the security demands of ABS as a cryptanalytic primitive, and so depict an ei ¬?cient ABS building based on groups with bilinear couplings. We prove that our building is secure in the generic group theoretical account. Finally, we illustrate several applications of this new tool ; in peculiar, ABS i ¬?lls a critical security demand in attribute-based messaging ( ABM ) systems. A powerful characteristic of our ABS building is that unlike many other attribute-based cryptanalytic primitives, it can be readily used in a multi-authority scene, wherein users can do claims affecting combinations of properties issued by independent and reciprocally mistrusting governments. [ 12 ] The secured informations sharing is provided between the information proprietor and user based on the user’s properties. It achieves more secure and all right grained informations entree control in the informations sharing system. Data security is the cardinal concern in the distributed system. Cryptanalytic methods are used to implement the entree policies of users. But here the cardinal coevals centre ( escrow ) can obtain the messages directing between the users by bring forthing the private key. This is referred as Key escrow job. This job can be solved by escrow free key coevals utilizing 3PC ( Three Party Computation ) . Thus the proposed system gives the greater public presentation and security to the distributed informations sharing system. [ 13 ] This paper proposes aâ€Å"Mesh Signatures†which defines the mesh signature primitive as an anon. signature similar in spirit to pealing signatures, but with a much richer linguistic communication for showing signer ambiguity. The linguistic communication can stand for complex entree constructions, and in peculiar allows single signature constituents to be replaced with complete certification ironss. Because keep backing one’s public key from position is no longer a shield against being named as a possible cosigner, mesh signatures may be used as a ring signature with mandatory registration. We give an efficient building based on bilinear maps in the common random threading theoretical account. Our signatures have additive size, achieve everlasting perfect namelessness, and cut down to really efficient ring signatures without random prophets as a particular instance. Mesh signatures generalise this impression to monotone entree constructions represent able as a t ree, whose interior node are And, Or, and Threshold Gatess.